Fundamental immunological principles and factors influencing production strategies for
antibodies used as reagents in analytical and diagnostic methods are highlighted. A role of the peptideprotein
design for an antibody formation, covering particularly epitope selection, peptide and protein
chemistry, carrier-protein conjugation including multiple antigen protein approach are described.
Special attention is paid to hapten design and production of antibodies against molecules having lowmolecular
character. Critical stages in polyclonal and monoclonal antibody development as well as
practical hints for their production are discussed.
Keywords: Antibodies, Production, Hapten, Immunogens
