Biocompatibility, biodistribution, and bioavailability are essential aspects of
those nanomaterials that are used in the field of biological, biomedical, and
biotechnological sciences. These are applicable like agents for the drug delivery
system, biomolecules, biomedical applicants, biosensors, theranostics, etc. These
aspects are intricately interdependent and play prime roles in successful applications of
nanomaterials. The physicochemical features of cell, biosystem, and nanomaterials
play a significant part in these processes. The nanomaterials can be modified or
functionalized by various techniques or by conjugating with a variety of molecules that
have specific functional groups or phase transfer of the nanomaterials. The highest
degree of biocompatibility of the nanomaterials is attained by minimizing the
cytotoxic, genotoxic, and other derogative impacts of nanomaterials with respect to the
physiology of a biosystem. Bionanomaterials should be hemocompatible,
histocompatible, and cytocompatible for their successful performance. Nanomaterials
are functionalized or modified suitably to achieve the selected performances. This
aspect needs to alter the physicochemical properties, the surface topography of the
nanomaterials that permit the smooth functioning of fabricated nanomaterials. In this
chapter, the biocompatibility of nanomaterials, strategies involved, probable pathways
along with some examples have been reviewed. This will provide an overview of these
significant aspects related to the interaction between nanomaterials and the biosystem.
Keywords: Bioavailability, Biocompatibility, Biodistribution, Biodispersibility,
Functionalization of nanomaterials Hydrophilicity, Hydrophobicity, Wettability.
