Abstract
Classically, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is considered to be a motor system affliction and its diagnosis is based on the presence of a set of cardinal motor signs (e.g. rigidity, bradykinesia, rest tremor and postural reflex disturbance). However, there is considerable evidence showing that non-motor alterations (e.g. anxiety, depression, sleep, gastrointestinal and cognitive functions) precede the classical motor symptoms seen in PD. The management of these nonmotor symptoms remains a challenge. A pattern of regional neurodegeneration that varies considerably depending upon the neuronal population affected may explain the different symptoms. In fact, differential mechanisms of neuronal vulnerability within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) suggests that factors other than location contribute to the susceptibility of these neurons. In this review we discuss how these factors interact to ultimately target the SNpc. Remarkably, this region consists of approximately 95% of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in both human and rat brains, and consequently this implicates elevated levels of dopamine metabolites, free radicals and other hazard species in these neurons. An understanding of how these factors promote neuronal death may be useful for the development of novel neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative strategies for PD.
Keywords: Tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, animal models, nigrostriatal pathway, neurodegeneration.
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title:Motor and Non-Motor Features of Parkinson’s Disease – A Review of Clinical and Experimental Studies
Volume: 11 Issue: 4
Author(s): Marcelo M.S. Lima, Emerson F. Martins, Ana Marcia Delattre, Mariana B. Proenca, Marco A. Mori, Bruno Carabelli and Anete C. Ferraz
Affiliation:
Keywords: Tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, animal models, nigrostriatal pathway, neurodegeneration.
Abstract: Classically, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is considered to be a motor system affliction and its diagnosis is based on the presence of a set of cardinal motor signs (e.g. rigidity, bradykinesia, rest tremor and postural reflex disturbance). However, there is considerable evidence showing that non-motor alterations (e.g. anxiety, depression, sleep, gastrointestinal and cognitive functions) precede the classical motor symptoms seen in PD. The management of these nonmotor symptoms remains a challenge. A pattern of regional neurodegeneration that varies considerably depending upon the neuronal population affected may explain the different symptoms. In fact, differential mechanisms of neuronal vulnerability within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) suggests that factors other than location contribute to the susceptibility of these neurons. In this review we discuss how these factors interact to ultimately target the SNpc. Remarkably, this region consists of approximately 95% of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in both human and rat brains, and consequently this implicates elevated levels of dopamine metabolites, free radicals and other hazard species in these neurons. An understanding of how these factors promote neuronal death may be useful for the development of novel neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative strategies for PD.
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Cite this article as:
M.S. Lima Marcelo, F. Martins Emerson, Marcia Delattre Ana, B. Proenca Mariana, A. Mori Marco, Carabelli Bruno and C. Ferraz Anete, Motor and Non-Motor Features of Parkinson’s Disease – A Review of Clinical and Experimental Studies, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2012; 11 (4) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152712800792893
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152712800792893 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
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