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Current Drug Metabolism

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ISSN (Print): 1389-2002
ISSN (Online): 1875-5453

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Research Article

Pharmacokinetic Study of Vadadustat and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Characterization of its Novel Metabolites in Equines for the Purpose of Doping Control

Author(s): Hideaki Ishii*, Mariko Shibuya, Kanichi Kusano, Yu Sone, Takahiro Kamiya, Ai Wakuno, Hideki Ito, Kenji Miyata, Fumio Sato, Taisuke Kuroda, Masayuki Yamada and Gary Ngai-Wa Leung

Volume 23, Issue 10, 2022

Published on: 13 September, 2022

Page: [850 - 865] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220825093945

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Vadadustat, a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) inhibitor, is a substance which carries a lifetime ban in both horse racing and equestrian competition. A comprehensive metabolic study of vadadustat in horses has not been previously reported.

Objective: Metabolism and elimination profiles of vadadustat in equine plasma and urine were studied for the purpose of doping control.

Methods: A nasoesophageal administration of vadadustat (3 g/day for 3 days) was conducted on three thoroughbred mares. Potential metabolites were comprehensively detected by differential analysis of full-scan mass spectral data obtained from both in vitro studies with liver homogenates and post-administration samples using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. The identities of metabolites were further substantiated by product ion scans. Quantification methods were developed and validated for the establishment of the excretion profiles of the total vadadustat (free and conjugates) in plasma and urine.

Results: A total of 23 in vivo and 14 in vitro metabolites (12 in common) were identified after comprehensive analysis. We found that vadadustat was mainly excreted into urine as the parent drug together with some minor conjugated metabolites. The elimination profiles of total vadadustat in post-administration plasma and urine were successfully established by using quantification methods equipped with alkaline hydrolysis for cleavage of conjugates such as methylated vadadustat, vadadustat glucuronide, and vadadustat glucoside.

Conclusion: Based on our study, for effective control of the misuse or abuse of vadadustat in horses, total vadadustat could successfully be detected for up to two weeks after administration in plasma and urine.

Keywords: Vadadustat, HIF stabilizer, doping control, equine, metabolic study, LC/ESI-HRMS.

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