Methods: The experiments were conducted with respect to water-organic alcohol mixtures of glycerol and isopropanol. V, Zr, Pb, Mo, Zn, and Nb were used as the tested nanocatalysts. The results of the process were monitored by liquid and gas phase GCMS, electron microscopy, optical microscopy and VX analysis. The competition of two processes was studied: laser deposition and laser ablation.

Results: There was largely confirmed the assumptions regarding the high catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles formed as a result of two competing reactions: ablation and deposition occurring simultaneously in the laser beam focus in the solution. These reactions are dehydrogenation of saturated hydrocarbons and water, resulting in the formation of hydrogen and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Another result of the reaction is the deposition of pure reduced metal layers on the substrate in the reaction zone.

Discussion: Some chemical reactions leading to this result have been deciphered. Firstly, these are reactions of formation of unsaturated hydrocarbons under the action of high energy flow on the surface. Then reactions of elongation of carbon chain at the place of formation of double bond can proceed. Complexation in solution with participation of organic compounds leads to autocatalytic reactions of precipitation of pure metals, including gold.

Conclusion: These arise due to an ability in liquid and precipitation reactions. This opens up another potential application for the process: refining trace amounts of precious metals, as demonstrated with gold. Both processes are environmentally friendly, which enhances the potential positive impact of their application.]]> https://www.benthamscience.com/article/1534892026-05-15 Introduction: This study evaluates the feasibility of reclaiming waste titanium dioxide (TiO₂) spray-coating solution as a feedstock for manufacturing antimicrobial cotton fabrics using a continuous roll-to-roll (R2R) process. Waste TiO₂ was collected, purified, and applied to cotton fabrics through an R2R coating process.

Methods: Waste TiO₂ was collected from an industrial spray line, purified, and reconstituted before R2R application onto cotton. Coated fabrics were characterized by SEM/EDS, and antibacterial activity was assessed per ISO 20743:2013 against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Results: The TiO₂-finished cotton achieved ≥99.8 percent bacterial reduction for both organisms, with high durability maintained after 40 laundering cycles; SEM/EDS confirmed persistent TiO₂ on the fibre surfaces after washing.

Discussion: These results demonstrate that reclaimed TiO₂waste can serve as an effective antimicrobial finish compatible with scalable R2R manufacturing, offering a pathway to reduce virgin TiO₂ use and divert waste.

Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, the approach provides a practical route to circularity in antimicrobial textiles. Future work should quantify environmental and economic impacts and benchmark against virgin TiO₂ formulations. Beyond demonstrating ISO 20743 antibacterial efficacy on cotton, we standardize protocols for multi-substrate coating and an expanded microbial panel, present mechanistic evidence for fibre–TiO₂ interactions and photocatalysis, and report pilot roll-toroll throughput with cost modelling to enable industrial adoption.

Materials & Methods: The ratio of drug: lipid and probe sonication time were the factors, and vesicle size, PDI & % Entrapment Efficiency (% EE) as responses. Molecular docking studies of the drug were performed on alpha-glucosidase with acarbose (3W37) protein. FTI-IR and solubility studies were conducted as preformulation studies. Berberine nanophytosomes were formulated and optimized by the Design of Experiments-based technique. In vitro drug release studies, SEM, TEM, in vitro antidiabetic activity, and safety studies on VERO cells were performed. The recent patents granted on Berberine nanoparticles were US 2023/0181547 A1, WO 2022/168124 A1, 202011054150, 202111011487, and 2625/CHE/2013.

Results: The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that vesicle size increased upon increasing the ratio of Drug:soyalecithin & probe sonication, but at the midpoint level, the size reduced. At 3 min probe sonication, greater than 80% EE was observed, and at the midpoint level, greater than 90 % was observed, but upon increasing the time to 5 min, the % EE decreased. An optimum PDI value was observed at mid-point level, i.e, 0.5. ANOVA was used to identify a significant effect. The drug release studies revealed that at pH 6.8, almost 90% of the drug was released. The zeta potential value of the optimized formulation was found to be -7.1 mV, indicating stability. SEM and TEM studies indicated a spherical shape of the particles.

Discussion: Berberine had a greater inhibiting effect on alpha-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 of 206.1±0.49 μg/ml, whereas Berberine nanophytosomes exhibited extensive inhibition with an IC50 value of 118.5±0.26 μg/ml, almost a 1.74 times reduction in IC50 value. Finally, safety studies of formulated nano-preparation on VERO cells indicated safety.

Conclusion: This study reports, for the first time, a statistically optimized (central composite designbased) Berberine soyalecithin nanophytosomal system that improves solubility, bioavailability, and enzyme inhibition efficacy while maintaining safety. Unlike previous patented formulations, this work combines experimental optimization, molecular docking, in vitro enzyme inhibition, and cytocompatibility validation, establishing a scientifically integrated approach toward Berberine-based antidiabetic nutraceutical development.]]> https://www.benthamscience.com/article/1556982026-05-15