Methods: Successive extraction was performed using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol. Extracts underwent preliminary phytochemical screening, HPTLC (High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) analysis, and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis. Neuropharmacological evaluations included in vivo models: Maximal Electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced seizures (anticonvulsant), pentobarbital-induced sleep (sedative), and elevated plus maze/open-field tests (anxiolytic). Molecular docking was conducted using Schrödinger Maestro against dopamine D2 receptors, with Risperidone as the reference ligand. MMGBSA binding energy and hydrogen bond interactions were used to determine binding efficiency.

Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides. GC-MS identified major constituents, including akuammilan-17-ol and 1,6;3,4- dianhydro-2-deoxy-β-D-lyxo-hexopyranose. The Hydroalcoholic Extract (HFM) showed 16.67% seizure protection in PTZ-induced seizures. In silico results revealed that Risperidone exhibited a docking score of -11.390 kcal/mol and an MMGBSA energy of -91.17 kcal/mol, with key hydrogen bonds to Asp114, Trp386, and Phe390, validating a strong binding affinity.

Discussion: HFM demonstrated moderate neuropharmacological efficacy, supported by bioactive constituents that showed strong in silico binding to central nervous system targets, particularly dopamine D2 receptors.

Conclusion: This study highlights Ficus mysorensis as a promising source of neuroactive compounds with anticonvulsant, sedative, and anxiolytic potential, warranting further investigation and the isolation of lead constituents for the development of CNS drugs.

Methods: Rutin-NPs were synthesized and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined. Cardioprotective effects were assessed by measuring plasma biomarkers (CK-MB, cTnT, LDH, BNP), oxidative stress markers (MDA, TGF-β1, VEGF), antioxidant levels (GSH, SOD, GPx), and gene expression profiles (miRNA-145, miRNA-181 and miRNA-221). Histopathological analysis evaluated structural restoration.

Results: Characterization confirmed the formation of spherical Rutin-NPs (48.29±5.28 nm) with a zeta potential of +17.9 mV. At 59.25 mg/kg (1/20 LD50), Rutin-NPs significantly reduced cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB: -41.2%, cTnT: -60.5%, LDH: -26.7%, BNP: -57.7%) and oxidative stress markers (MDA: -45%, TGF-β1: -52%, VEGF: -49%), while enhancing antioxidant defenses (GSH: +100.5%, SOD: +115.1%, GPx: +128.1%). Gene expression analysis indicated a reversal of ISO-induced dysregulation (miRNA-145: +213%, miRNA-181: +172%, miRNA-221: -62%). Histopathological evaluation confirmed restoration of cardiac architecture.

Discussion: These findings demonstrate the potential of Rutin-NPs as a nano-therapeutic for cardiovascular diseases, offering multi-targeted antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gene-regulatory actions. The improved bioavailability and enhanced therapeutic effects highlight its translational relevance. However, further investigation is needed to optimize clinical formulations and explore combinatorial treatment approaches.

Conclusion: Rutin-NPs exhibit dose-dependent cardioprotection in ISO-induced cardiac injury, reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and key plasma biomarkers while restoring antioxidant defenses and gene expression balance. The optimal dose (59.25 mg/kg) offers substantial efficacy with a five-fold safety margin, supporting its potential for therapeutic applications in cardiovascular disease management.

Methods: AgNPs were synthesized via the combustion method using Vernonia cinerea leaf extract. The nanoparticles were characterized for their physico-chemical and morphological properties using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay, and anticancer potential was evaluated through cytotoxicity assays on Caco2 colorectal cancer cells using varying concentrations of AgNO₃.

Results: FTIR analysis revealed characteristic absorption bands at 664, 605, 557, 531, and 513 cm-¹, confirming the formation of silver ion-bound nanoparticles. XRD analysis showed Bragg’s reflections at 38.066°, 31.59°, 37.56°, 53.01°, 64.93°, and 76.27°, indicating crystalline structure. Elemental analysis confirmed a 60% silver ion composition. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant activity and significant cytotoxic effects against Caco2 cells.

Discussion: The incorporation of Vernonia cinerea extract into AgNPs enhanced the stability and biological activity of the nanoparticles. The observed anticancer effects support previous findings on the therapeutic potential of both AgNPs and Vernonia cinerea. Limitations include the need for in vivo studies to confirm these results.

Conclusion: Synthesized silver nanoparticles using Vernonia cinerea exhibit strong antioxidant activity and significant anticancer effects, reducing Caco2 cell proliferation and motility. These findings support their potential as therapeutic agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the cytotoxic potential of methanolic extracts obtained from the pulp and seeds of Annona squamosa using different analytical approaches, in addition to investigating their anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects in adult zebrafish.

Methods: For toxicity in Artemia salina, eggs were incubated and, after hatching, the larvae were exposed to concentrations of extracts (0.06-5 μg/mL) for 24 hours. Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster involved exposure to different concentrations of extracts (125-2000 μg/mL) with mortality readings every 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Locomotor damage was assessed using the negative geotaxis test. In Danio rerio, anxiolytic activity was investigated through open field, light/dark, and PTZ-induced convulsion tests, where fish were exposed to oral extracts at different concentrations (40, 200, and 400 mg/kg). GABAergic neuromodulation was analyzed using benzodiazepine antagonists.

Results: The extracts demonstrated high cytotoxicity against A. salina, with LD50 values of 2.24 μg/mL for the pulp extract and 1.64 μg/mL for the seed extract. In D. melanogaster, toxic effects were limited, with mild toxicity observed for the seed extract at high concentrations. In the zebrafish model, the seed extract showed toxicity at doses higher than 200 mg/kg, while the pulp extract was non-toxic. In terms of locomotor activity, both extracts affected the locomotor behavior of fish and D. melanogaster, with the seed exhibiting more pronounced effects. In the anxiolytic test, the extracts displayed effects similar to diazepam, modulating behavior via GABAergic neurotransmission. Finally, the seed extract demonstrated anticonvulsant activity in zebrafish, particularly in the acute and chronic stages of PTZ-induced seizures, indicating specific therapeutic potential.

Discussion: The pulp and seed extracts have different toxicological profiles, with greater toxicity associated with the seed extract, especially at high concentrations. The changes in locomotor behavior and the anxiolytic effects observed in both models suggest that they act on neuromodulatory pathways, possibly mediated by the GABAergic system. The anticonvulsant activity of the seed extract in the acute and chronic stages of PTZ-induced seizures in zebrafish points to a potential therapeutic use in neurological disorders.

Conclusion: The study revealed that the methanolic extract from the pulp of A. squamosa exhibited a safe anxiolytic effect, while the seed extract showed both anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects, albeit with acute toxicity. New formulation

Methods: The antimicrobial activity of both extracts was assessed using the agar disc diffusion method (inhibition zones) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to determine their inhibitory effects against periodontal bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, and Actinomyces israelii).

Results: The hydroalcoholic (HA) extract produced significantly larger inhibition zones than the aqueous (AQ) extract against all tested periodontopathogenic strains. The most notable differences were observed against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b (HA: 18.7 ± 6.7 mm vs. AQ: 11.0 ± 1.0 mm) and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum. (HA 11.3 ± 0.6 mm vs. AQ 9.7 ± 0.6 mm). The results for Porphyromonas gingivalis (HA: 11.0 ± 1.0 mm vs. AQ: 7.7 ± 1.2 mm) and Actinomyces israelii (HA: 9.0 ± 1.0 mm vs. AQ: 8.0 ± 1.0 mm). However, the HA extract was only statistically superior to the AQ extract against the latter species (p < 0.05). The HA extract also demonstrated greater potency in vitro, exhibiting a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range (15.6 μg/mL) compared to the AQ extract (125 μg/mL). As expected, the 0.20% chlorhexidine (CHX) control showed stronger antimicrobial activity than both botanical extracts.

Discussion: The antimicrobial potential of Q. crassifolia was strongly supported by its low Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values and significant inhibition zones, suggesting a potent antibacterial effect. These MIC results are comparable to those reported for other potent oak species, which also exhibit low MICs against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Conclusion: The extracts of Quercus crassifolia Bonpl., particularly the HA extract, demonstrated significant antibacterial potential compared to the AQ extract, although its antimicrobial effect was less than that of 0.20% reactive-grade CHX. These results suggest that Q. crassifolia Bonpl. could serve as a natural adjunctive alternative for non-surgical periodontal treatment due to its antimicrobial potential against periodontal pathogens. This finding may support its ethnobotanical use. However, further in vivo and in vitro studies are required to substantiate its efficacy as an adjunctive treatment to non-surgical periodontal therapy for controlling periodontitis.