Current Functional Foods (Volume 4 - Issue 3)

Exploring the Promise of Biopolymers in Nano-capsulation to Improve Food Functionality and Nutrient Delivery

2026-05-10

Biopolymers have become indispensable in the nanoencapsulation of food components and nutrients, providing improved stability, controlled release, and enhanced bioavailability of encapsulated substances. This abstract discusses the diverse biopolymers employed in food encapsulation, including polysaccharides, proteins, fats, waxes, and synthetic compounds as illustrated in the accompanying diagram. Polysaccharides such as gum arabic, pectin, and alginate are favoured for their natural availability and exceptional film-forming properties, which are ideal for shielding sensitive ingredients from environmental impacts. Proteins like gelatin and whey proteins are used for their excellent emulsifying and encapsulating capabilities, essential for encapsulating flavours and oils. Fats and waxes such as beeswax and lecithin serve to create stable matrices optimal for lipid-based actives. Although less commonly used, synthetic polymers provide customized release mechanisms for particular uses. Collectively, these biopolymers support the advancement of nanoencapsulation technologies that improve the solubility, stability, and timed release of food and nutrient substances, thereby broadening their use in functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Investigating the Nutritional, Antioxidant and Functional Properties of Selected Pulses for Important Human Foods

2026-05-10

Introduction: The present study comprehensively evaluates the nutritional, antioxidant, and functional properties of selected pulse cultivars, including green gram, pigeon pea, and cowpea. Further, the results are compared with those of a chickpea cultivar (BG2024).

Objective: This study provides an account of the nutritional values and functional properties of selected pulse cultivars.

Methods: The pulses were analyzed for nutritional content using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2016). Pulse flour extract was prepared by steeping in methanol for 24 hours, and then it was centrifuged and filtered to analyze antioxidant activity. Mineral analysis was performed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICPOES).

Results and Discussion: Proximate composition analysis revealed significant variations among the pulses, with green gram exhibiting the highest protein content (23.88%) and pigeon pea showing superior carbohydrate content (63.3%). Antioxidant activity assessment revealed that green gram had the highest total phenolic (152.8 mg/100 g) and flavonoid content (0.155 mgQE/g). Mineral profiling exhibited that Fe content was exceptionally high in cowpeas (10.28 mg/100 g), while Zn was in good amounts in pigeon peas (11 mg/100 g). The results demonstrated that green gram is rich in protein (23.88 g) and fat (2.54 g) among the selected pulse varieties. Based on functional properties, pulse green gram could be recommended for utilization as a meat analogue, giving vegetarians a wider choice and a lower carbon footprint.

Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of pulses as valuable ingredients in developing functional foods, especially for vegetarians, individuals with specific dietary needs, and those seeking plant-based protein options. Due to their good antioxidant properties, pulses like green gram and chickpea can be recommended for better management and prevention of metabolic disorders.

Qualitative Chemical Evaluation of Chloroform Extract of Azadirachta indica Leaves for Analgesic and Antipyretics Activities: In silico and ADMET Studies

2026-05-10

Introduction: The objective of this research is to explore the analgesic and antipyretic potentials of the chloroform extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves using a dual approach of qualitative chemical analysis and in silico studies.

Methods: A qualitative chemical analysis was conducted to identify key phytochemicals in the chloroform extract, including quercetin, epicatechin, kaempferol, and rutin. Molecular docking analyses were carried out to find the binding affinities and relations of these phytomolecules with TNF-α, an essential target for pain and fever modulation. ADMET profiling was also conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties of the existing phytomolecules.

Results and Discussion: The chemical analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds with known analgesic and antipyretic potential. In silico molecular docking research showed significant binding affinities, particularly for quercetin and rutin, with key residues of TNF-α. ADMET analysis indicated favourable drug-like properties, especially for quercetin and kaempferol.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that the chloroform extract of Azadirachta indica holds significant potential for analgesic and antipyretic activities. Further experimental validation and medical research are warranted to authenticate its remedial effectiveness.

A Review of the Effects of Bioactive Compounds in Aged Black Garlic on Human Health Issues

2026-05-10

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used by humans as both food and medicine since the ancient era. However, due to its strong flavor and odor, some people are reluctant to consume raw garlic. To reduce these characteristics, various garlic formulations have been developed. Aged black garlic (AGB) is one such form, characterized by a bittersweet flavor, jelly-like consistency, and the absence of a pungent odor. One of the bioactive components of ABG is Sallylcysteine, followed by S-allylmercaptocysteine, flavonoids, phenols, thiosulfate, and pyruvate. Fresh garlic is fermented at regulated high temperatures (60°C–90°C) and humidity (80– 90%) to produce black garlic. Due to the Maillard process, also known as the non-enzymatic browning reaction, the garlic turns dark brown during aging. Recent research has confirmed that AGB, along with its bioactive composites assorted biological as well as pharmacological responses, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, hepatoprotection, hypolipidemia, cardiovascular protection, anti-inflammatory effect, anti-diabetic, traumatic brain injury, and anti-Alzheimer's disease activities. This study provides an overview of the current understanding of biological mechanisms, physical and chemical characteristics, side effects, and general restrictions of AGB.

Beneficial Phytochemicals in Citrus Fruit Juice and its Waste: Enhancing Nutrition and Food Value through Innovative Uses

2026-05-10

Globally, citrus fruit has been extensively grown since ancient times in different parts of the world due to its high nutritional and medicinal value, as well as high acceptability because of its pleasant aroma and taste. Moreover, the production rate of citrus fruit has increased over time in many countries. The fruit pulp and peel are considered a treasure trove of functional bioactive phytochemicals such as phenols, pectin, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin C, saponin, and tannin, as well as possessing many medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and more. Citrus fruit juice or pomace is incorporated in many food products like juices, wines, pickles, and bakery products. Citrus fruit peel (fresh, dry, powdered peel or essential oil from peels) is also incorporated into food to enhance the taste, and quality, and shelf life of the value- added foods (candies, jams, jellies, marmalades, teas analogues, bakery products like cakes, biscuits, and even ice-creams and yoghurts) without compromising their sensory qualities. Moreover, it also helps manage environmental waste. These citrus fruit peels are also used to preserve many foods such as meat, dairy products, and sausages. Citrus fruit is very beneficial to human health, and because of its short harvesting time and shelf life, it may be a better option to preserve these fruits by incorporating them into processed foods. This study aims to confirm the presence of various phytochemicals as well as the medicinal properties of citrus fruit.

Peels from Fruits and Vegetables: Opening the Door for the Creation of Novel Medicines

2026-05-10

India generates significant fruit and vegetable waste due to inadequate storage, poor transportation, improper handling, and lack of processing facilities. Around 30-40% of fruits and vegetables produced are wasted annually, with 67 million tons of food wasted annually. Fruit and vegetable peel waste can be used in ruminant diets, composting, making natural cleaners, and creating natural dyes. Fruit and vegetable peels are rich in phytonutrients, antioxidants, and have antibacterial properties, making them beneficial for animal nutrition and health. Composting peels can also promote sustainable gardening practices. Fruit and vegetable peels have medicinal uses, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They can be used in traditional medicine for digestion, inflammation, and immune support. Orange peels, banana peel, pineapple peel, onion peels, cucumber peels and potato peels have pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and antimicrobial properties. The peels contain vitamin C, are rich in fibre, flavanols, phenols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, catecholamines and various bioactive compounds, which enhance nutritional content and reduce lipid oxidation in meat-based products. This review concludes that many fruit and vegetable peels we currently waste have various beneficial bioactive components which are helpful in treating numerous diseases and disorders. However further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Granule, Beadlet, and Liposomal Powder Formulations Following Single Oral Administration in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

2026-05-10

Introduction: Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophyll carotenoids critical for maintaining retinal health and preventing age-related macular degeneration. However, their clinical utility is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. Lipid-based formulations may enhance systemic absorption, thereby improving therapeutic potential. This study compared the pharmacokinetic profiles of three oral Lutein-Zeaxanthin (LZ) formulations in rats.

Methods: Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6/group) were randomized to receive a single oral dose of LZ equivalent to 10 mg/kg lutein in one of three formats: granules (G1), beadlets (G2), or liposomal powder (G3). Plasma samples were collected at predetermined intervals up to 24 h post-dose and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax and AUCo-t, were calculated using Phoenix WinNonlin® and compared via ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test.

Results: Mean lutein Cmax values were 51.59 ng/mL (G1), 52.80 ng/mL (G2), and 62.39 ng/mL (G3). Corresponding AUCo-t values were 472.9, 504.6, and 536.7 ng·h/mL, respectively. G3 demonstrated statistically significant improvements in both Cmax and AUCo-t compared with G1 and G2 (p < 0.0001).

Discussion: The enhanced systemic exposure observed with G3 likely reflects improved dispersibility and micellar incorporation of lutein in the lipid matrix, facilitating intestinal absorption. These findings align with previous reports on the enhancement of lipid-based bioavailability for lipophilic nutrients.

Conclusion: Liposomal powder formulations significantly enhance lutein absorption compared to granules and beadlets, supporting their use in advanced nutraceutical formulations for ocular health.

A Review on Genus Argyreia: Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Reports

2026-05-10

The genus Argyreia (Family Convolvulaceae), consists of about 28 species spread throughout Asia and Africa, and is of considerable ethnomedicinal significance. These plants have been traditionally used to manage a range of diseases, including metabolic disorders, infections, neurological disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Of these, Argyreia nervosa and Argyreia speciosa are the most widely investigated for various pharmacological activities like central nervous system activity, aphrodisiac activity, antioxidant activity, etc. Phytochemical investigations reveal the presence of diverse bioactive constituents, including ergoline alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, saponins, and coumarins, most of which are responsible for the noted pharmacological effects. Seeds of Argyreia speciosa are reported to possess Lysergic Acid Amide (LSA), a psychotropic compound possessing CNS depressant and anxiolytic activity. Roots and leaf extracts of various species of Argyreia have been found to possess hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity. The biological activities of the least explored species of Argyreia, such as A. acanthocarpa, A. hirsuta, and A. cymosa, possess antidiabetic, analgesic, and wound-healing activities, respectively, which need to be scientifically validated for their therapeutic potential. Even with traditional assertions and preclinical justifications, clinical evidence regarding Argyreia species is limited. Heterogeneity in preparation techniques, absence of standardized phytochemical profiling, and limited toxicity tests discourage translational purposes. However, new pharmacological data indicate robust therapeutic potential to be pursued. This review integrates ethnobotanical information, phytochemical observations, and pharmacological assessments to point to the therapeutic potential of Argyreia. The genus presents an interesting case for clinical investigation, compound isolation, and pharmacodynamic analysis to generate safe and effective herbal remedies. Scientific validation would close the gap between traditional medicine and novel drug discovery, broadening the repertoire of plant-derived therapeutic agents.

Comparative Evaluation of Antidepressant-like Effects of Bioactive Fractions from Hydroethanolic Extract of Scutellaria barbata D. Don in Rodent Models

2026-05-10

Introduction: Depression is a widespread mental health condition, necessitating the exploration of novel treatment options. Natural products have gained attention due to their potential as antidepressants.

Materials & Methods: The present study aimed to compare the anti-depressant-like activity of fractions derived from the hydroethanolic extract of Scutellaria barbata D. Don. Fractions obtained through solvent fractionation (n-hexane (F1), dichloromethane (F2), ethyl acetate (F3), and butanol (F4)) were subjected to in vivo evaluation using established rodent models of depression i.e., Forced swim test (FST), Tail suspension test (TST), and Open field test (OFT). Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was employed to induce stress in animals over 21 days, followed by oral administration of various solvent fractions of S. barbata at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. On the 21st day, the animals were evaluated using the aforementioned depression models.

Results and Discussion: Among all fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction (F3) exhibited the most significant antidepressant-like effects. In FST, F3 at 400 mg/kg significantly reduced immobility time (139.0 ± 2.29 s, p ≤ 0.05) compared to the CUMS-induced group (209.63 ± 2.55 s). Similarly, in TST, F3 (400 mg/kg) reduced immobility duration to 98.16 ± 2.58 s, comparable to standard fluoxetine treatment (79.16 ± 3.83 s). In OFT, F3 (400 mg/kg) significantly increased locomotor activity (1425 ± 13.33 counts, p ≤ 0.05) compared to the CUMS-induced group (611.16 ± 20.21 counts), surpassing fluoxetine (808.83 ± 14.32 counts) and imipramine (1017.5 ± 15.03 counts).

Conclusion: The findings suggest that the F3 fraction of the hydroethanolic extract of S. barbata holds promise as a natural antidepressant, warranting further investigation into its therapeutic mechanisms and clinical applications.

Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Potentials of Ananas comosus (Linn.) Merr. Fruit Peel: An In silico Modelling and In vivo Analysis

2026-05-10

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable, complex disorder that affects all groups of people, whether young, old, short, tall, black, white, male, or female, and it is still without a cure. Medicinal plants, functional foods, and their waste products are known veritable sources of antidiabetic drugs. This study investigated the blood glucoselowering (hypoglycemic) and lipid-lowering (hypolipidemic) effects of Ananas comosus aqueous-ethanol fruit peel extract (ACAPE) using in-silico and in vivo methodologies.

Methods: The in-silico (site-specific and blind) molecular docking assessed the interaction of ACAPE bioactive compounds with diabetic-related protein targets, specifically human α- amylase and aldose reductase, using PyRx, AutoDock Vina, and Biovia Discovery Studio. Animals were made diabetic using 60 mg/kg body weight streptozotocin (STZ) and later treated for 28 days, sacrificed, and blood collected for biochemical parameter evaluation using standard procedures and kits: glucose and protein concentrations; lipid profile levels; and hepatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and hepatic function (alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) transaminases) activities.

Results: The results indicated that ACAPE had abundant polyphenolics. Treatment of diabetic animals with ACAPE restored the dysfunction in glucose and lipid concentrations and significantly (p<0.05) increased the hepatic function and antioxidant enzyme activities in diabetic animals. 2-Chloro-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl) pyrimidine (-10.5 kcal/mol) and α-muurolene (-8.9 kcal/mol) showed overall good binding energy and affinity against aldose reductase and α-amylase in silico.

Discussion: This study highlights the antidiabetic potential of Ananas comosus aqueousethanol peel extract, which significantly improved blood glucose, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and antioxidant activities in diabetic rats. The in-silico results also showed strong interactions between key phytochemicals and diabetic-related enzymes, supporting the observed biological effects. However, this study is limited by the absence of mechanistic studies such as gene/protein expression, a lack of histopathological evaluation, dose optimization, and a lack of clinical human studies to confirm these findings.

Conclusion: It can be concluded from the findings of this study that ACAPE is rich in phytochemical constituents, especially polyphenolics, that can be explored for the treatment of diabetes and its related complications.

A Review on Pleasure-driven Eating: Unravelling the Role of Hedonic Hunger in Modern Diets and Health

2026-05-10

Introduction: Hedonic hunger describes an appetite driven by the desire for pleasurable eating experiences, distinct from the body's need for energy and nutrients (physiological hunger). This review examines the scientific underpinnings of hedonic hunger, including the research methodologies used to monitor it, the factors that influence it, the molecular mechanisms, physiological consequences, and implications for public health.

Methods: This review article was developed by synthesizing insights from research published in ScienceDirect, Web of Science, JSTOR, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, primarily covering studies from the past 25 years. The selection criteria included research papers focusing on hedonic hunger, obesity, eating disorders, and the neurobiological and physiological mechanisms underlying hunger regulation.

Results and Discussion: In contrast to physiological hunger, which is essential for survival, hedonic hunger can lead to excessive calorie consumption and subsequent weight gain. The brain's reward system plays a central role, triggering the release of dopamine in response to food cues. Other hormones, such as ghrelin, leptin, enkephalins, endorphins, neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, melanocortin-4, and gut microbes, may also contribute. Environmental and individual factors, including the availability of high-calorie foods, stress, and sleep deprivation, further influence hedonic hunger.

Conclusion: Understanding the mechanisms and consequences of hedonic hunger is crucial for developing public health strategies to combat the obesity epidemic. Further research is needed to refine methodologies, assess its prevalence in various populations, unravel the intricate mechanisms and influencing factors, evaluate potential biomarkers, and determine its implications for clinical practice.

Exploring the Neuroprotective Effects of Catharanthus roseus: A Review of its Pharmacological Constituents

2026-05-10

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and bradykinesia. Current therapeutic approaches primarily focus on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying neurodegeneration. Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Madagascar periwinkle, has been widely used in traditional medicine and is known for its diverse pharmacological properties, particularly due to its rich alkaloid content.

Methods: This review explores the potential therapeutic role of Catharanthus roseus in treating PD. Taxonomically classified under the Apocynaceae family, the plant has been traditionally used for various ailments, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Its pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activities, are mainly attributed to active compounds like vincristine and vinblastine. The study examines existing literature, focusing on preclinical models investigating its neuroprotective capabilities.

Results: Preclinical studies have demonstrated that Catharanthus roseus exhibits neuroprotective effects in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. The plant's phytochemicals show promise in slowing or preventing neurodegeneration, potentially offering a novel approach to managing PD progression.

Discussion: The neuroprotective effects observed in preclinical studies suggest that Catharanthus roseus could modulate key pathogenic pathways involved in PD, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. The presence of potent alkaloids may contribute to these effects by enhancing neuronal survival and reducing dopaminergic neuron loss. However, variability in study models, dosage, and extraction methods indicates the need for standardized protocols. Additionally, the mechanism of action for many of its compounds remains poorly understood, necessitating further molecular studies to clarify their role in neuroprotection.

Conclusion: While the initial findings are promising, further research is essential to identify the specific compounds responsible for the neuroprotective effects. Clinical trials are also necessary to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Catharanthus roseus in treating Parkinson's disease.