Methods: Using the Scopus database, a bibliometric analysis was conducted through Microsoft Excel, Harzing’s Publish or Perish, and VOSviewer, examining publication trends, citation metrics, and co-network visualization.

Results: A total of 1,205 relevant publications were identified, revealing a steady increase in research output. The majority of contributions came from the United States (33.1%), China (16.8%), and the United Kingdom (8.8%). Key terms such as \"neuroinflammation\", \"cytokine\", \"microglia\", \"amyloid beta\", and \"oxidative stress\" dominated the literature, while emerging keywords included \"neuroprotection\", \"BDNF\", \"inflammasome\", and \"mitochondria\".

Conclusion: These findings underscore the growing focus on the role of inflammatory processes in the etiopathology of Alzheimer's disease, as well as efforts to identify biomarkers and neuroprotective therapeutic targets. This study provides a detailed mapping of the research landscape, offering insights into the evolving knowledge structure and highlighting prominent countries, institutions, authors, journals, and highly cited articles. By identifying key trends, this review advances our understanding of the interplay between inflammation and Alzheimer's disease, paving the way for future research and clinical strategies.]]> https://www.benthamscience.com/article/1480312026-06-22Introduction: To find out how arthritic diseases affect the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone, diclofenac, and methotrexate when given individually and as a cassette in male Sprague-Dawley rats, the study's main goal was to look into drug-drug interactions (DDI). For the treatment of moderate to severe arthritis, doctors commonly prescribe all three drugs alone or in combination.

Methodology: Pharmacokinetics (PK) was evaluated using individual and cassette dosing in male Sprague-Dawley rats in a fasting state. Respective experimental groups were administered orally with prednisolone (5.0 mg/kg), diclofenac (10.0 mg/kg), and methotrexate (0.5 mg/kg) during either discrete or cassette dosing, at a dose volume of 5 mL/kg. Blood samples were collected through the jugular vein and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated using Phoenix software version 8.1.

Results: Prednisolone significantly decreased the AUC0-last in both the arthritic group and the cassette group when compared to the standalone normal animal group. Neither cassette dosing in the normal group nor discrete dosing in the arthritic group affected the pharmacokinetics (PK) of diclofenac. However, the AUC_{0-last value} for diclofenac significantly decreased during cassette dosing in the arthritic group. Individual administration of methotrexate in the arthritic group resulted in a significant decrease in AUC0-last, while the healthy group experienced a substantial increase when administered as a cassette.

Discussion: Poly-pharmacy is quite commonly practiced in arthritic patients. Co-administration of multiple drugs together may alter the systemic exposure due to disease condition and drug-drug interaction which ultimately may lead to off target toxicity or sub-therapeutic exposure. The suboptimal therapeutic response may lead to prolonged medication therapy for desired benefit. However, This study has a potential limitation that, diseased induced model may not accurately reflect the human auto-immune disease pathophysiology and further the pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction may further vary according to the stage in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Conclusion: Along with the pharmacological DDI, this study looked at how disease affected the PK of prednisolone, diclofenac, and methotrexate when these drugs were given in both discrete and cassette doses. Significant differences in AUC0-t and Cmax of prednisolone and methotrexate pharmacokinetics when dosed as a cassette or individually in arthritic groups were noticed. The serum concentration of methotrexate increased when it was combined with diclofenac. Further, the metabolism of methotrexate increased when combined with prednisolone.

Methods: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Ruellia tuberosa ethanolic extract (RTEE) on aluminium chloride (AlCl₃)-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) in adult Wistar rats. In-vitro cell line study showed decreased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased levels of IL-6 (Interleukin-6), and suppressed NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappa-B) translocation, which further confirmed RTEE's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Following the objective, thirty adult Wistar rats were taken and divided into five groups (n=6). They were treated with Normal saline, AlCl₃ (100 mg/kg), DPZ (Donepezil- 3 mg/kg), and RTEE (100 and 200 mg/kg), respectively, for 35 days.

Results: Various behavioral and biochemical parameters, along with the oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers, were assessed to determine the effects of RTEE. The plant extract at both the doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) demonstrated increased body weight, improved motor coordination as demonstrated by an increase in fall-off time on the Rota rod apparatus, decreased escape latency in the Morris water maze test, reduced transfer latency (TL) in the elevated plus maze test, increased time spent in the target quadrant, and increased exploration time in the novel object recognition test. Furthermore, RTEE treatment exhibited decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increased levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total protein. Additionally, RTEE reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, which decreased neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta levels. Additionally, the extract exhibited cholinergic system modulation, as observed by improved acetylcholinesterase activity, suggesting its potential role in neurotransmitter regulation. Histopathological study further confirmed its neuroprotective potential by reducing neuronal degeneration in brain regions (hippocampus and cortex).

Discussion: This study highlights Ruellia tuberosa's potential as a natural remedy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, providing scientific validation for its traditional usage. The neuroprotective effects observed are the results of the plant's efficacy in inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which are significant factors in cognitive decline. In the end, our results assist the development of plant-based therapies for cognitive disorders by providing a crucial foundation for future research aimed at identifying active chemicals, elucidating processes, and investigating long-term effectiveness.

Conclusion: According to the study's findings, memory impairment in the AlCl3-induced rat model of AD was ameliorated by both doses of RTEE. However, further studies need to be conducted to establish its therapeutic effects in neurodegenerative diseases.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study reviewed medical records, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) findings, and biopsy data. Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms who underwent EGD-guided segmental esophageal biopsies between March 2018 and January 2024 were included. Demographic data, clinical features, risk factors, and EGD findings were compared between LyE, EoE, non-specific esophagitis (NSE), and normal esophageal histology (NEH) groups. The LyE and EoE groups were compared and statistically analyzed with a third comparison group formed jointly by NSE and NEH subgroups.

Results: The cohort included 11 LyE cases (1.25%), 79 EoE cases (8.96%), 447 NSE cases (50.68%), and 345 NEH cases (39.11%). LyE patients were older, with a mean age of 54.81 years, and 72.72% of them were female. In contrast, EoE patients were younger, with a mean age of 43.52 years, and had a male predominance. Cases of dysphagia, dyspepsia, and nausea or vomiting occurred in both groups. Food impaction was more frequent in EoE. Smoking, alcohol use, and autoimmune diseases (e.g., hypothyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis) were significant risk factors for LyE. Atopic conditions such as asthma and allergies were linked to EoE. Endoscopic findings often overlapped in LyE and EoE. Esophagitis and strictures were more common in LyE, while rings and furrows were more frequent in EoE. All endoscopic findings, including normal mucosa, were significant in LyE and EoE compared to the comparison group. However, rings, linear furrows, and exudates were not significant when comparing LyE to the comparison group.

Discussion: This single-center study, limited by a small sample size and geographic scope, addresses the diagnostic challenges posed by overlapping features of Lymphocytic and Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Despite the lack of standardized definitions and variable diagnostic thresholds in previous literature, our use of uniform histopathological criteria (≥20 lymphocytes or eosinophils per HPF) and a large control group enhances the consistency and reliability of the findings.

Conclusion: LyE is a rare form of esophagitis with clinical and endoscopic features similar to EoE. Accurate histopathological diagnosis is essential for differentiation. LyE is more common in older females with autoimmune conditions, while EoE affects younger males with atopic conditions.