Methods: The QbD approach encompasses defining a Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP), identifying Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), and conducting risk assessments to pinpoint Critical Material Attributes (CMAs) and Critical Process Parameters (CPPs). Techniques such as Design of Experiments (DoE) facilitate systematic optimization.

Results: Incorporating QbD principles ensures the development of robust PNP formulations with improved encapsulation efficiency, controlled drug release, and targeted delivery. Studies highlight the use of biodegradable polymers like PLGA, chitosan, and PEG for superior biocompatibility and stability. Analytical methods validate the consistency and quality of the nanoparticles.

Conclusion: The QbD framework enables the rational design of capecitabine-loaded PNPs with enhanced bioavailability and reduced toxicity, contributing to safer and more effective cancer treatments. Future research should explore novel polymeric systems and advanced manufacturing technologies to expand the therapeutic potential of PNPs in oncology.

Sulphur nanoparticles (SNPs) find widespread application in diverse fields such as lithium sulfur batteries, sulphur-based photocatalysts, and antimicrobial agents. Despite their extensive utilization in non-biomedical domains, such as drug delivery and cancer prevention strategies, SNPs face challenges when employed for biomedical purposes. Concerns include toxicity, limited reactivity, and the substantial particle size of SNPs, which hinder their effectiveness as drug delivery carriers. To overcome these obstacles, surface modifications of SNPs are necessary to enhance their biomedical applicability.

In this study, a comprehensive review of various nanoformulation techniques was conducted, including nanoemulsions, lipid-based formulations, and polymeric nanoparticles. The study involved analyzing existing literature on the preparation methods, characterization, and optimization of nanoparticles for drug delivery. Additionally, case studies of approved and clinical trial drugs utilizing nanoparticle carriers were examined to assess their impact on bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes.

The findings indicate that nanoparticle formulations not only improve the solubility and stability of hydrophobic drugs but also facilitate targeted delivery, resulting in enhanced therapeutic effects and reduced side effects. Specific examples highlighted include the successful application of nanoparticles in gene therapy and oncology, demonstrating their potential to revolutionize treatment paradigms. By reviewing this article, the reviewer gets knowledge about the different array of tools, methods, and development achieved in the field of nanotechnology, and the article represents the sufficient information needed to achieve the best design of nanoformulation for drug development and bridge the gaps faced by researchers and the scientific community.

With the advent of environmentally conscious attributes in the cutting-edge nano biosensing technology, green nano-biosensors offer innovative avenues for sensitive and selective detection and monitoring of myriad analytes with minimal environmental repercussions. Further, such sensors operate at low energy levels, contributing to reduced energy consumption, and can be mass-produced with minimal environmental influence.

The present outlay of literature aims to decipher the utilization of eco-friendly materials and sustainable manufacturing techniques in creating nano-biosensors and subsequently promulgating their advantages in terms of energy efficiency, low environmental impact, and use of renewable resources. Furthermore, this study embellishes a comprehensive framework that delineates the diverse applications of these green nanobiosensors as eco-friendly technological solutions across diverse sectors primarily agriculture, environmental monitoring, and biomedicine, showcasing their potential to revolutionize these domains while minimizing environmental impact.

Background: The performance of 3D-printed products has been greatly enhanced by the addition of nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes as well as nanodiamonds into polymer matrices. While nanodiamonds offer remarkable hardness and thermal stability, carbon nanotubes are widely recognized for their better electrical conductivity and bending strength. Their qualities make them the best options for raising the calibre of nanocomposites that are 3D printed.

Objective: This paper looks at the effects of dispersion, functionalization, and synthesis of nanotubes and nanodiamonds on the mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites, taking into account the environmental impact, obstacles, and applications of these materials.

Methods: The techniques for adding nanotubes and nanodiamonds to 3D printing formulations were the main topic of a thorough literature study. A number of important factors were examined, including stability, toughness, elasticity, and tensile strength. The influence of uniform particle spread on overall composite performance as well as developments in dispersion technologies were reviewed in the paper.

Results: The study found that the incorporation of nanotubes and nanodiamonds into 3D printing processes significantly improved the mechanical and biological properties of nanocomposites. These nanomaterials improved electrical conductivity and thermal stability, making them suitable for applications in electronics, aerospace, and biomedical fields. However, challenges such as high costs, ecological impacts, and long-term stability assessments remain.

Conclusion: Although there is potential for next-generation materials with the incorporation of nanotubes along with nanodiamonds in 3D-printed nanocomposites, issues such as uniform nanoparticle dispersion still need to be resolved.

Methods: The present paper reports the study on a novel aluminium composite cast developed through a clean liquid metallurgical route, to assess the metallurgical, chemical, and mechanical parameters using an optical microscope, EDX, EDS, and SEM analysis. The novel composite Al-5GNPs-1SiC were prepared by stir casting technique at 600 rpm for 15 minutes. The solidified ingots were subjected to heat treatment, such as ice water quenching, followed by ageing the quenched novel aluminium composite at 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, and 400°C for two hours. For evaluation of hardness, tensile strength and microstructure; the desired samples were prepared as per usual standards. Graphene and silicon carbide reinforced aluminium composite were made in this study, both reinforced particles are dispersed homogenously in the aluminium matrix, making them an efficient reinforcing filer to avoid deformation.

Results: The Al matrix with (5 wt. %) graphene and (1 wt. %) silicon carbide had 136 MPa yield strength, 266 MPa ultimate strength, 15 (%) elongation, and 106 (VHN) at aged 200°C. Furthermore, the morphological changes in the surface caused by ageing were analysed using a scanning electron microscope, as is the fracture appearance of the shattered specimen exposed to tensile strain. The results show that the silicon carbide particles do not have a higher impact in the phase transformation process during composite solidification up to (1 wt. %) because they have no significant influence on the novel composite phase structure. According to the SEM images, the dimples and cleavages are increased with (5 wt %) of graphene particles added to the Al matrix. A combination of ductile and brittle modes of fracture was identified during the tensile test of the novel composite, according to fractography analysis performed on the samples using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures.

Conclusion: Stir casting and quench ageing produce remarkable mechanical characteristics and structural homogeneity in the Al-5GNPs-1SiC novel composite.

Objective: This study aims to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the luminescent and scintillation properties of praseodymium-doped polyphosphate LiLu(PO₃)₄, focusing on the potential applications of these materials.

Methods: LiLu(PO₃)₄:Pr³⁺ microcrystals were synthesized using the flux method, while nanocrystals were produced via the coprecipitation technique. The synthesized polyphosphates were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy.

Results: LiLu(PO₃)₄:Pr³⁺ crystals were found to crystallize in the monoclinic C2/c space group with specific lattice parameters. The structural analysis revealed that the basic units are helical ribbons of (PO₃)_n formed by corner-sharing PO₄ tetrahedra, with LuO₈ dodecahedra and LiO₄ tetrahedra forming linear chains. The incorporation of praseodymium ions resulted in the observation of both ultraviolet and visible luminescence under X-ray and laser excitations. UV emission, originating from 4f-5d → 4f² transitions, exhibited a very fast lifetime (τ_4f-5d = 3 ns), while visible emission from transitions within the Pr³⁺ 4f² ground configuration showed a short decay time of approximately 100 ns.

Conclusion: The scintillation properties of LiLu(PO₃)₄:Pr³⁺ demonstrated promising results, indicating their potential for various high-performance applications, including solid-state lighting, bioimaging, and radiation detection.