Objective: This review highlights the critical areas for further research and clinical development of genistein. It offers an in-depth overview of the present knowledge of genistein's potential as an anticancer agent.

Methods: We gathered manuscripts in the field of genistein, a wonder phytocompound used in various cancer treatments, from different sources such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google. We collected, read, and examined a total of 236 manuscripts. Out of those, eighty-three were deemed applicable and taken into consideration for the present manuscript.

Results: Soy-derived isoflavone genistein inhibits cancer in multiple ways. It blocks cancer-promoting signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt and MAPK via apoptosis and cell cycle termination. Genistein alters estrogen receptor interactions, which can affect tissue estrogenic or anti-estrogenicity. This mechanism may explain the success of genistein in hormone-related malignancies, including breast, prostate, and other cancers.

Conclusion: Genistein's multiple modes of action and encouraging preclinical and clinical evidence suggest it could reform cancer treatment across tumor types. However, more research is necessary to optimize dosing regimens, understand resistance mechanisms, and develop effective clinical interventions.

Objectives: The primary objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of gold nanoparticles in treating soft tissue injuries. This is achieved through the following specific goals: Formulation of GNPs Gel: Investigating the methods used to formulate GNPs into a gel form suitable for application in soft tissue injuries. This includes an analysis of different formulation techniques and the materials used to stabilize and deliver the nanoparticles. Skin Penetration Methods: It explores various methods by which GNP gel can penetrate the skin to reach the underlying soft tissues. This involves a review of topical application techniques, including both conventional and advanced methods, to determine their effectiveness in delivering GNPs to the site of injury. Therapeutic Benefits and Toxicity: These include assessing the therapeutic benefits of GNPs when applied to soft tissue injuries, with a focus on the observed outcomes in both animal models and human studies. Additionally, the review examines the potential toxicity of GNPs, particularly when administered through different routes, to ensure that their use is both safe and effective.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to gather relevant studies on the use of GNPs for treating soft tissue injuries. Articles were sourced from well-known scientific databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Wiley, covering publications from 2008 to 2020. A total of 119 articles were initially identified for review. After removing 24 duplicates and excluding 90 articles that did not meet the eligibility criteria, five articles were selected for in-depth full-text analysis and synthesis. These selected studies provided valuable insights into the formulation, application, and safety of GNPs in treating soft tissue injuries.

Results: The findings from the reviewed studies suggest that GNPs show considerable promise in treating soft tissue injuries, particularly in animal models. One of the effective methods for formulating GNPs into a gel involved the Turkevich method, which utilizes base materials such as Carbol 934, glycerin, and PEG 400. This formulation method has demonstrated several advantages, including ease of preparation and stability of the resulting gel. In terms of application, topical administration of GNP gel has proven to be an effective method for achieving skin penetration and delivering therapeutic benefits. Techniques such as gentle rubbing of the skin and the use of phonophoresis have been highlighted as particularly effective. However, it is important to note that while topical application appears safe, other administration routes, such as oral or intravenous delivery of GNPs, particularly those with small sizes and spherical shapes, have been associated with toxicity in various organs and can lead to cellular DNA damage.

Conclusion: The review concludes that topical administration of GNP gel holds significant potential for controlled and targeted drug delivery in the treatment of soft tissue injuries. This method allows for localized treatment, reducing the risk of systemic side effects and improving therapeutic outcomes. However, the review also emphasizes the need for careful consideration of potential cellular-level toxicity, particularly when GNPs are used in humans. Further research is required to fully understand the long-term safety and efficacy of GNPs, ensuring that they can be safely integrated into clinical practice for the treatment of soft tissue injuries.]]> https://www.benthamscience.com/article/1475132026-05-18 Background: Lung carcinoma is indeed the most frequently diagnosed carcinoma globally. It has a significant incident rate and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Our study investigated the chemotherapeutic activity of purvalanol A against lung cancer.

Materials and Methods: The in-vitro chemotherapeutic activity of purvalanol A was assessed in A549 cells through cell viability and flow cytometry assays. The toxicity study was carried out for the determination of LD50, and subsequently, chemotherapeutic doses of purvalanol A were evaluated. In this study, lung carcinoma was induced in mice by 100 mg/kg benzo[α]pyrene in 0.2 ml corn oil single i.p injection and sustained for 24 weeks. Lung carcinoma development and chemotherapeutic activity of purvalanol A were evaluated in mice lung tissues via the histological study, immunohistochemistry study, cell proliferation study, and apoptotic assay via the TUNEL method.

Results: The IC50 value of purvalanol A in the A549 cell line was found to be 4 μg/ml, which demonstrated a significant induction of apoptotic events dose-dependently. The percentage of apoptotic cells in A549 cell lines was determined to be 11.56%, 13.78%, 35.54%, and 57.89% following treatment with purvalanol A at concentrations corresponding to untreated, IC25, IC50, and IC75, respectively. A substantial population of caspase-3-labeled cells was detected in the M2 quadrant following the treatment with purvalanol A. In the toxicity study, LD50 of purvalanol A was found to be 5 mg/kg body weight in an acute toxicity study, and it was selected as the chemotherapeutic dose. Furthermore, the treatment with purvalanol A caused a reduction in hyperplastic abrasions of lung tissues and reestablished the typical architecture of lung tissues. Additionally, purvalanol A therapy also caused the downregulation of carcinogenic markers MEK and CDK2 expression with upregulation of PTEN expression in lung tissues.

Conclusion: The progression of lung carcinoma was markedly decreased by the induction of apoptosis and abrogation of cancer cell progression, providing insights for the development of a suitable molecular mechanism for purvalanol A-mediated chemotherapy against lung cancer.]]> https://www.benthamscience.com/article/1483102026-05-18 Background: The dynamic mechanisms inherent in bone homeostasis yield invaluable insight for advancing scaffold biomaterials in bone regeneration. The increasing recognition of drug delivery systems and the release of bioactive substances significantly elevating their importance in bone tissue engineering. This approach not only supports bone tissue formation but also enhances the scaffold's ability to facilitate bone ingrowth. Bisphosphonates (BPs) play a crucial role in bone remodeling, subsequently affecting bone regeneration. Despite this, there is a scarcity of studies addressing the systematic delivery of BPs within bone defect models.

Objective: In this study, integration of bisphosphonates Pamidronate (Pam) and Alendronate (Aln) into a hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold with MC3T3-E1 cells and growth factors (VEGF and BMP-2), is expected to yield a synergistic effect for intensifying osteoinduction and efficient bone regeneration.

Materials and Methods: Cell viability was measured using 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and morphological assessment was documented using the inverted microscope. Characterization of engineered HA scaffold was performed using Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and its elemental analysis was done using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The mineralization rate was assessed by analyzing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression.

Results: Data demonstrated that Aln offers better potency on osteoblast cells as compared to Pam. FESEM micrograph revealed that the engineered HA-VEGF+BMP-2/Aln scaffold facilitated osteoblast attachment and spreading, forming a concrete connection with HA scaffold. Engineered HA-VEGF+BMP-2/Aln also significantly increased ALP expression, indicating that the extracellular matrix is advancing into the mineralization phase.

Conclusion: To conclude, our investigation unveils the synergistic effects of combining dual growth factors (VEGF and BMP-2) with BPs, specifically Aln, resulting in enhanced cell adhesion on hydroxyapatite scaffolds. This emphasizes the substantial promise of employing such a strategy in promoting the regeneration of bone tissue.

Methods: Our study employed 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to measure cell viability after lactoferrin treatment. Cell cycle analysis was conducted using propidium iodide (PI), followed by flow cytometry. To determine the ROS fold change, treated cells were stained with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (DCFH-DA), which emits fluorescence upon oxidation. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured with 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) dye to determine the ratio of red to green fluorescence. Pyroptotic protein expressions were identified through western blot analysis.

Results: Lactoferrin-induced cytotoxity on A549 cells increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis revealed an increase in the population at both the subG1 and G0/G1 phases, accompanied by a decrease in the S and G2/M phases, indicating DNA fragmentation and a G0/G1 phase arrest. ROS fold change and MMP initially increased but subsequently declined with lactoferrin concentrations. Finally, all targeted pyroptotic proteins were regulated in treated cells.

Conclusion: Our study shows that lactoferrin has potential as an alternative treatment for lung adenocarcinoma by trigerring pyroptosis in A549 cells, primarily through the caspase-1, caspase-4 and GSDMD pathways.

Objective: possible effects of hydroalcoholic extract of black seed and honey (Dosin) on pituitary-gonadal hormones, spermatogenesis, as well as the level of lipid peroxidation and the expression level of inflammatory and apoptosis genes was determined.

Methods: Hypothyroidism was induced with methimazole, and the animals were then divided into four groups: control, hypothyroid, hypothyroid + Dosin 100, and hypothyroid + Dosin 200. Dosin was administered orally for 45 days and serum concentrations of LH, FSH, testosterone and malondialdehyde were measured by ELISA. Sperm analysis was also performed. Histopathological examination was conducted and the expression levels of genes related to apoptosis (Bax, Bad and Bcl-2) and inflammation (IL6, TNFα and IL10) were investigated.

Results: Sperm analysis showed that motility, morphology, and count indices decreased in the hypothyroidism group and significantly improved in the treatment groups (p<0.05). Histological studies showed that the length, diameter and volume of seminiferous tubules, basement membrane thickness, number of Leydig and Sertoli cells and testosterone levels increased in treatment groups (P<0.05). The mean serum levels of LH, FSH and malondialdehyde decreased in treatment groups significantly (P<0.05). Also, the expression of inflammatory genes and Bax and Bad genes decreased in treatment groups while Bcl2 increased (p<0.05). The expression of IL6 and TNFα genes decreased in the treatment groups and IL10 increased significantly (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Dosin probably improves testicular spermatogenesis and strengthens the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic thyroid systems by regulating pituitary-gonadal hormones.

Aim: This study aimed to develop and validate a patient information leaflet (PIL) focused on diabetes, assessing its effectiveness in enhancing patient knowledge among individuals with diabetes.

Objective: The primary objective was to prepare and validate a patient information leaflet (PIL) on diabetes and evaluate its impact on patient knowledge among diabetic individuals. The secondary objective was to analyze demographic factors, education, family history, and comorbidities influencing baseline knowledge and post-intervention knowledge improvement.

Methods: Quasi-experimental pre and post-test design was carried out enrolling 78 inpatients and outpatients diagnosed with T1DM or T2DM. The PIL was developed using evidence-based resources and validated through expert panel reviews. Its readability was evaluated using Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FK-GL) scales, with additional validation through user testing. The leaflet’s design adhered to Baker-Able Leaflet Design (BALD) principles. Pre- and post-intervention knowledge was measured through a structured questionnaire, and participant feedback on the leaflet's content and layout was collected.

Results: The FRE and FK-GL scores for the PIL were 60.3 and 8, respectively. The BALD scores for the English and Kannada versions were 25 and 24, respectively. User testing revealed significant improvements in knowledge, with mean scores increasing from 33.85 ± 23.43 to 93.23 ± 8.58 for the Kannada PIL and from 59.23 ± 24.31 to 93.08 ± 9.47 for the English PIL. A total of 85.9% of participants rated the leaflet as effective in improving their understanding of diabetes management.

Conclusion: The validated PIL significantly enhanced patient knowledge of diabetes. These findings suggest that such educational tools can effectively support patient education in both T1DM and T2DM populations.

Objective: The study aims to formulate a rectal in-situ gel of diazepam to improve rectal residence time for treating insomnia, convulsions, and status epilepticus. This innovative approach holds great potential for future application and the study of the effect of the addition of HPMC into the formulation.

Method: Ten formulations with varying concentrations of P407 (14%-19%) and HPMC (0.25%-1%) were prepared and assessed for gelation temperature and time, mucoadhesive force, in-vitro drug release, and FTIR compatibility.

Results: The optimized formula, F5 (18% P407), demonstrated a gelation temperature of 37±3.775℃, gelation time of 341 seconds, mucoadhesive force of 4021 dyne/cm², 100% in-vitro drug release within 8 hours, and 65.23% ex-vivo permeation in 12 hours.

Conclusion: The study concluded that diazepam can be effectively formulated as a thermosensitive in-situ gel for rectal administration. However, the addition of HPMC negatively impacts the physicochemical properties of the gel.

Methods: The ethanolic extract of red pitaya was encapsulated through freeze-drying. The resulting nanocapsules were characterized using SEM and FTIR analyses. We also compared the stability of the extract and nanocapsules, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity.

Results: The encapsulation efficiency was approximately 48%. The antioxidant activity of the nanocapsules, with a mean diameter of 0.41 nm, was evaluated using the DPPH assay, which revealed that the nanocapsules exhibited superior antioxidant capacity compared to the ethanolic extract. Although the total phenolic content of nanocapsules was lower than that of the extract, the nanocapsules effectively released phenolic compounds and demonstrated greater stability at high temperatures than the extract.

Discussion: Encapsulation significantly improved the thermal stability and antioxidant performance of red pitaya extract, demonstrating its effectiveness in preserving sensitive bioactive compounds.

Conclusion: Conclusion: These findings suggest that encapsulation enhances the stability and efficacy of betalains, positioning the nanocapsules as a potential natural additive for functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Methods: Phytochemical analysis of the aqueous and hydro-alcoholic preparations from root and pericarp extracts of Asparagus racemosus and Sapindus mukorossi, respectively, revealed the presence of saponins. Quantification of major biomarkers in both aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts was done using TLC analysis. Antimicrobial, hemolytic, and cytotoxic effects of the purified saponin were evaluated for their safety and efficacy.

Results: Pharmacological evaluation of the above extracts were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, by disk diffusion and broth microdilution method, which showed prominent antibacterial properties and Minimum Inhibitory concentration at 3 and 5 mg/mL, respectively. Finally, the percentage yield of saponins was better in hydro-alcoholic extracts.

Discussion: Hydro-alcoholic extracts of Asparagus racemosus and Sapindus mukorossi exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, with Sapindus mukorossi showing slightly higher efficacy, and demonstrated negligible cytotoxicity on human red blood cells and rat splenocytes. These findings highlight their potential as safe immunomodulatory agents and complementary therapeutics to conventional antibiotics.

Conclusion: Using the MTT assay, both the extracts exhibited the least cell cytotoxicity against rat spleen cells, concluding their high safety index. Based on the preliminary finding, plant derived saponins can be an important immuno-modulatory agent.]]> https://www.benthamscience.com/article/1503072026-05-18 Introduction: Acne vulgaris is a dermatological condition that significantly affects the physical appearance and quality of life of patients. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has compromised the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics in acne management. Burdock is a water-soluble bioactive agent that exhibits antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

Methods: Burdock was loaded into w/o/w nano-emulsion using the reverse titration method. The globule size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and percentage cumulative drug release of the nano-emulsion were evaluated. The nano-emulsion was incorporated into a Carbopol 940 (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% w/w) gel, and the drug permeability of the nano-emulsion gel was evaluated. The formulations of the nano-emulsion were optimized using the Box-Behnken design.

Results: The Burdock was loaded into w/o/w nano-emulsion by applying the Quality by Design (QbD) approach considering the effect of the factors (phase volume ratio: PVR, time of primary emulsification: TPE, and concentration of Transcutol P: TLP) on globule size (GS) and % entrapment efficiency (%EE) of the drug.

Discussion: The optimized nano-emulsion was prepared using Burdock and showed a GS of 176.2 nm and an EE of 99.24% with a PVR of 4.60, a TPE of 3.1 minutes, and a TLP concentration of 8.92%.

Conclusion: The optimized nano-emulsion was transformed into a gel and characterized for morphology, viscosity, pH, drug content, in-vitro release, and ex vivo drug permeation. Finally, skin irritation study and histopathological evaluation suggested that the obtained nano-emulsion gel was effective in the treatment of Acne vulgaris.]]>