Methods: Analytical relationships are presented that allow one to calculate the distribution of the amplitude of the electric field strength in space for an arbitrarily distributed system of radiating antennas in space. A description of a prototype of a linear antenna array focused on a finite distance is given. Using this prototype, a measurement of the generated distribution of the electric field intensity in space was carried out for two cases: focusing at the point of the required position of the maximum of the electric field intensity (in this case, the maximum is shifted relative to the required position) and focusing at a greater distance, ensuring the positioning of the maximum at the required point.

Results: The results obtained on the developed mathematical model and antenna array prototype are shown to match.

Conclusion: The obtained results experimentally confirm the applicability of the algorithm, which ensures the positioning of the maximum electric field strength at the required point.

Methods: These defect modes arise from the introduction of geometric and material imperfections at the loop level of the structure. By employing continuous medium interface response theory, we calculate the Green function for composite systems, enabling the determination of dispersion relations and transmission rates.

Results: Numerical simulations indicate that the sensor achieves a remarkable sensitivity of S =1090 nm/RIU and a detection limit DL = 7.10-3 RIU. The quality factor Q of the sensor demonstrates distinct characteristics, exhibiting a high sensitivity to minute variations in refractive index.

Conclusion: These results show that the structure we have designed is suitable for applications such as biosensors, gas detectors and medical diagnostic devices.

Objective: The aim of this study is to propose and assess the efficiency of hybrid jamming techniques for GPS and GLONASS in UAVs, employing an SDR platform as a defense mechanism.

Methods: A locally designed SDR platform was employed to implement and test several hybrid jamming methods, including combinations of spot jamming, sweep jamming, and frequency hopping jamming. These methods targeted the civilian GPS L1 frequency (1575.42 MHz) and GLONASS G1 frequency range (1593–1610 MHz). Tests were conducted on multiple commercial UAVs to evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques in disrupting navigation.

Results: The combination of spot jamming with sweep jamming, at a 1575.42 MHz center frequency and a 2 MHz sweep bandwidth for GPS, and sweep jamming for GLONASS G1 proved to be the most effective. Contrarily, sweep jamming paired with frequency hopping jamming showed the least disruption.

Conclusion: The effectiveness of advanced hybrid jamming techniques for disrupting GNSS signals in UAVs has been demonstrated, with the potential to enhance the protection of critical infrastructure.

Objectives & Methodology: In light of this need, this research introduces a novel framework for VANETs called enhanced timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication (ETESLTA), which enables a new kind of lightweight authentication while simultaneously protecting users' privacy. Initialisation, registration, mutual authentication, broadcasting and verification, and vehicle revocation are all parts of the suggested model. Furthermore, the ETESLTA method requires very little memory while yet providing excellent broadcast authentication, just like TESLTA. In addition, the ETESLTA method incorporates a cuckoo filter to record the real details of cars inside the RSU's detection range.

Results: The suggested approach provides strong anonymity to achieve privacy and resists common assaults, and it features lightweight mutual authentication between the parties. A wide scale of experiments are conducted and the outcomes are evaluated in terms of numerous metrics to ensure the ETESLTA technique performs well.

Conclusion: The experimental results demonstrated that the ETESLTA method was superior to the most current state-of-the-art approaches.]]> https://www.benthamscience.com/article/1455042026-04-10Introduction: There are various concerns in Fiber wireless access networks, such as ONU placement, survivability, network planning and its cost, architectural developments, etc. In this paper, we have focused on front end survivability of the network, which mainly depends on the routing algorithms employed at the front end of the network.

Methods: The effectiveness of the proposed scheme lies in finding the next alternate path in case of link/component failure with minimum delay. Hence, delay is the appropriate parameter to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed technique. In this paper, RSSI-based routing (RBRA) is proposed for various cases of link failures. Delay performance for each of the cases has been compared with two previous approaches maximum protection minimum link cost (MPMLC) and minimum hop routing algorithm (MHRA).

Results: It is found that RBRA performs better than MPMLC and MHRA. For single link failure and two source destination pairs in the network with 50 wireless routers delay decreases by 58 % and 37 % in RBRA as compared to MHRA and MPMLC, respectively.

Conclusion: Hence, these algorithms can be integrated with RSSI-based route selection. This could be an attractive future direction for research.

Methods: This study presents a novel PID controller for a multi-loop pilot plant, utilizing a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) based Internet of Thing (IoT) system for wireless, real-time data sensing and control. The system gathers data through sensors and sends it to cloud storage via a BLE access point, which is then monitored using a mobile app called BIP. In addition to monitoring, the BIP app serves as a control interface, allowing PID parameters to be adjusted through a Quantum Firefly- Particle Swarm Optimization (QFPSO) algorithm integrated with the ThingSpeak cloud. This enables the control module to function in three distinct modes for the plant’s loops. Users can manually configure PID parameters, as well as temperature and level set-points, while the system automatically regulates the flow set-point based on real-time data. The BLE-based IoT system comprises five modules using Arduino Nano 33 BLE: a Flow Sensor, a Temperature Sensor, a Level Sensor, IoT communication, and an access point. These modules provide more accurate data than traditional sensing systems.

Results: Key benefits of the proposed system include wireless accessibility, user-friendliness, a simplified design, ease of upgrades, and consistent control across multiple loops. The proposed system can be easily adapted for various types of industrial control systems with minimal effort.

Conclusion: Additionally, the developed wireless sensor node can replace wired sensor nodes in any electronic system.