Methods: The present manuscript considers the various aspects of microsponges, like, latest research performed by different researchers, newly developed formulations, various patents related to this technique, different excipients and tools used for formulation development, and their characterization methods. For fulfilling such a purpose, a wide range of literature was taken into consideration, and analyzed to extract useful information incorporated into the manuscript. Thus, on behalf of such significant information, it can be believed that this review will open a new path for new and existing researchers who want to work on such a technique.

Results: With this review, it is confirmed that microsponges are an effective technique that possesses the enormous potential to rectify several issues related to poor bioavailability, targeted drug delivery, dosing frequency, protection of active ingredients, and formulations in certain conditions. The different research performed in the last decade also indicated that the microsponge approach has been widely utilized to solve different concerns. But this field still needs more attention for new discoveries that may be helpful in the generation of new innovative products.

Discussion: Microsponge is an innovative drug delivery method, which was initially created for topical drug administration. Later on, it was applied for oral controlled drug delivery system, transdermal drug delivery system, cosmetic products, and also for tissue engineering. This review gives confirmation that such a delivery system may provide different advantages. However, some challenges are still associated with it. Therefore, in the future, researchers need to focus on some innovative analytical tools that can ensure the quality of microsponges.

Conclusion: Finally, on the basis of different findings, it may be concluded that microsponges are a cutting–edge technology that offers numerous advantages. This review also confirms that microsponges may be a noteworthy tool that can develop a variety of pharmaceutical products in the future, which will be safer, effective, and patient-friendly.

Objective: This study introduces a novel water-filled PCF design to achieve enhanced pressure sensitivity by utilizing water's compressibility to improve chromatic dispersion responsiveness.

Methods: Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze how pressure affects chromatic dispersion and birefringence in both polarization modes of the proposed PCF.

Results and Discussion: The water-filled PCF demonstrates a linear increase in pressure sensitivity, with the y-polarization mode reaching 100-185 ps/nm-km/bar at 200 bar and the x-polarization mode reaching 115-70 ps/nm-km/bar. This is a significant improvement over conventional air-filled PCFs, which show a nonlinear decrease in sensitivity with increasing pressure (47-30 ps/nm-km/bar for x-polarization and 60-40 ps/nm-km/bar for y-polarization).

Conclusion: The proposed water-filled PCF design offers superior pressure sensitivity, making it a promising candidate for high-precision pressure sensing applications in various fields.

Objective: In the process of making nano composites of chitosan bentonite clay, Imazethapyr has been developed in this research programme. The material used to make the nanocomposites of Imazethapyr was based on the exoskeleton of crustaceans such as shrimps, lobsters, and crabs, and organic clay like bentonite.

Methods: Three different loading of Imazethapyr have been incorporated in chitosan bentonite clay composites, ratios starting from 3.14:1, 1.26:1, and 1:1 of Chitosan clay and Imazethapyr were prepared and confirmed the formation of nanocomposites. An acidic medium has been identified for the preparation of chitosan clay nanocomposites.

Results and Discussion: The formation of composites has been further confirmed by Fourier- Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) have been used to understand the thermal properties of chitosan bentonite clay Imazethapyr nanocomposites.

Conclusion: Analytical data clearly revealed the formation of nanocomposites of chitosan bentonite Imazethapyr in the acidic media.

Methods: Steam distillates of selected herbs were used for the green synthesis of AgNPs. Particle size, zeta potential, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity against ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli was determined, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated.

Results and Discussion: The AgNPs had an optimal size of 80 nm and a zeta potential of -23 mV. Polyherbal AgNPs exhibited a 15 mm inhibition zone against resistant E. coli, surpassing that of silver nitrate.

Conclusion: Tulsi extract exhibited significant antioxidant properties, making AgNP-based gels a potential AMR therapy.

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