Objectives: The purpose of this article was to familiarize pediatricians with the diagnosis and management of pinworm infestation.

Methods: A search was conducted in August 2023 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms “Enterobius vermicularis,” OR “enterobiasis,” OR “pinworm.” The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article.

Results: Enterobiasis is a cosmopolitan parasitosis caused by Enterobius vermicularis. It affects approximately 30% of children worldwide and up to 60% of children in some developing countries. Predisposing factors include poor socioeconomic conditions, inadequate sanitation, poor personal hygiene, and overcrowding. Children aged 5 to 14 years have shown the highest prevalence of enterobiasis.. Egg transmission is mainly by the fecal-oral route. Approximately 30 to 40% of infested patients do not show any clinical symptoms of the disease. For symptomatic patients, the most common presenting symptom is nocturnal pruritus ani. The diagnosis of E. vermicularis infection is best established by the cellophane tape test. The sensitivity of one single test is around 50%; however, the sensitivity increases to approximately 90% with tests performed on three different mornings. If a worm is visualized in the perianal area or the stool, a pathological examination of the worm will yield a definitive diagnosis. As pinworms and eggs are not usually passed in the stool, examination of the stool is not recommended. The drugs of choice for the treatment of pinworm infestation are mebendazole (100 mg), pyrantel pamoate (11 mg/kg, maximum 1 g), and albendazole (400 mg), all of the above-mentioned drugs are given in a single dose and repeated in two weeks. Mebendazole and albendazole are both adulticidal and ovicidal, whereas pyrantel pamoate is only adulticidal. Given their safety and effectiveness, mebendazole and albendazole are currently the best available drugs for the treatment of pinworm infestation. For pregnant women, pyrantel is preferred to mebendazole and albendazole. Treatment of all household members should be considered, especially if there are multiple or repeated symptomatic infections because reinfection is common even when effective medication is given.

Conclusion: In spite of effective treatment of pinworm infestation, recurrences are common. Recurrences are likely due to repeated cycles of reinfection (particularly, autoinfection) because of the short life span of adult pinworms. Good personal hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, especially after bowel movements and before meals, clipping of fingernails, avoidance of finger-sucking, nail-biting, and scratching in the anogenital area, are important preventive measures. Treatment of all household members should be considered, especially if there are multiple or repeated symptomatic infections.

Purpose: The study aimed to clarify the value of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) of EC MRI in determining molecular subtypes.

Material and Methods: We retrospectively recruited 109 patients with pathologically proven EC (78 endometrioid cancers and 31 non-endometrioid cancers) with available molecular classification from a tertiary centre. MRI was prospectively performed a month prior to surgery; images were blindly interpreted by two experienced radiologists with consensus reading. The ADC value was measured by an experienced radiologist on the commercially available processing workstation. Interoperator measurement consistency was calculated.

Results: Our sample comprised 17 PLOE, 32 MSI-H, 31 NSMP, and 29 P53abn ECs. Clinical information did not differ significantly among the groups. The maximum diameter and volume of the lesions differed among the groups. The ADC value in the maximal area (ADCarea) or region of interest (ROI, ADCroi) in the P53abn group was higher than that in the other groups (894.0 ±12.6 and 817.5 ± 83.3 x10-6 mm2/s). The ADC mean values were significantly different between the P53abn group and the other groups (P = 0.000). The nomogram showed the highest discriminative ability to distinguish P53abn EC from other types (AUC: 0.859).

Conclusion: Our results have suggested the quantitative MR characteristics (ADC values) derived from preoperative EC MRI to provide useful information in preoperatively determining P53abn cancer.

Case Presentation: A 19-year-old woman after induction of labor because of severe malformation presented with abdominopelvic mass, laboratory tests revealed significantly elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level and elevated carbohydrate antigen 125 level. Abdomino-pelvic CT showed a cysticsolid mass of 82×152×167mm arising from the right ovary with abundant intratumoral vessels and intense enhancement in the solid part. Further evaluation of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT imaging showed significantly increased ¹⁸FDG uptake (SUVmax7.7) by the solid component of the ovarian mass and slight ¹⁸FDG-avid perihepatic effusion. The mass was resected and was confirmed to be the right OYST, After four courses of chemotherapy, the patient was followed up by PET/CT and had a complete metabolic response.

Discussion: ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT is a useful imaging modality for diagnosis and evaluation of OYST.

We report a case of a large bladder leiomyoma in an asymptomatic patient. A large pelvic mass was discovered incidentally on the bedside ultrasound scan during a review at the gynecology clinic. Intra-operatively, no mass was seen in the pelvis, and cystoscopy demonstrated an intravesical mass. It was further evaluated with cystoscopy. MR imaging demonstrated typical features of a bladder leiomyoma. Subsequently, the patient underwent partial cystectomy, and the mass was removed, which was histologically proven leiomyoma.

Conclusion: Awareness of this rare clinical entity and identification of its typical radiological features on MR imaging can aid with accurate diagnosis and preclude unnecessary radical surgery.

Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 27 patients with pathologically proven sex-cord tumours (14 GSTs, 8 fibromas, 4 fibrothecomas, and 1 sclerosing stromal tumour) from our institution. All MRI examinations were performed at least one month prior to surgery. MR image features were recorded by two radiologists with consensus readings. Histogram analysis was performed using FeAture Explorer software. The differences in histogram parameters between GCT (38.1 ± 14.6 years) and OSC (43.7 ± 18.0 years) groups were compared. Fourteen randomly selected cellular-type myomas who also underwent MRI in our hospital were considered as the control group. The intra-operator consistency of ADC value was evaluated across measurements twice.

Results: The repeatability of conventional ADC measurements on the tumor body was good. The values of ADC-mean, ADC-min, and ADC-max significantly differed across three groups (p < 0.001). The histogram variance on DWI, histogram percentage on T2WI, and ADC min showed the best discriminative performance in determining GCTs from other OSCs with an area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) of 0.997, 0.882, and 0.795, respectively. The histogram variance on DWI yielded a sensitivity of 92.3%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 96.6% in discriminating GSTs from other OSCs.

Conclusion: In the present study, feature analysis of tumor body MR imaging has helped to differentiate GST from OSC with better performance than conventional ADC measurements.

Case Presentation: In this study, we report a case of a patient with fallopian tube leiomyoma. What makes this instance even more unique is the association of the leiomyoma with cystic degeneration, manifesting as a large abdominopelvic cystic mass. CT scan suspected that the mass might be an ovarian cystadenoma. However, ultrasonography, a widely used diagnostic tool, effectively assisted the clinicians in confidently ruling out the possibility that the tumor was originating from the ovaries. Ultimately, the patient underwent exploratory laparoscopy and the pathologic diagnosis was fallopian tube leiomyoma with cystic degeneration. To our knowledge, no instance of a fallopian tube leiomyoma of this size with cystic degeneration has been reported. Thus, it is worth mentioning.

Conclusion: In summary, fallopian tube leiomyomas are classified as uncommon benign gynecologic tumors, which pose challenges in clinical diagnosis. The combined use of multiple imaging modalities may be more helpful in the proper diagnosis of this disease entity.

Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the stage of cervical cancer. The mean term of pregnancy at the time of the diagnosis was the early second trimester (range 10-27 weeks) and the median age was 33 years (range 26-40 years). The abdominal and pelvic MRI images and clinical data of these patients were reviewed. Tumor size, local tumor spread, and nodal involvement were evaluated using an MRI dataset. The treatment and follow-up imaging were analyzed as well, and the ADC was measured before and after the chemotherapy.

Results: 16 patients with histopathologically confirmed cervical cancer during pregnancy were retrospectively enrolled. 7 patients were diagnosed with local cervical cancer (FIGO stage IAI) and designated as early stage group, as the lesion was invisible on MRI. In this group, pregnancies were allowed to continue until cesarean delivery (CD) at 38-41 weeks. The other 9 patients presenting with local or extensive cervical cancer (FIGO stage IB2-IIA2) were designated as the advanced-stage group. The lesion could be measured and analyzed on MRI. They were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pregnancy. Among them, 6 patients underwent TP regimen (paclitaxel 135~175 mg/m2 plus cisplatin 70~75 mg/m2), while 3 patients received TC regimen (paclitaxel 135~175 mg/m2 plus carboplatin AUC=5). NACT was performed for 1 to 2 courses before surgery. ADC demonstrated significant differences before and after chemotherapy administered during pregnancy (1.06 ± 0.12 sec/mm2 vs. 1.34 ± 0.21 sec/mm2).

Conclusion: MRI has been found to be helpful in staging cervical cancer in pregnancy. Patients with stage IA confirmed by MRI can choose conservative treatment and continue the pregnancy until term birth. MRI can dynamically monitor the efficacy of chemotherapy for patients with stage IB and above during pregnancy. ADC value can have a potential role in the evaluation of chemotherapy efficacy.

Case Presentation: This paper reported a case of FDCS with pelvic recurrence 3 years after surgery. The patient was suspected to have lymphoma by postoperative pathology in the local hospital, and it is recommended that the patient be reexamined regularly. A soft tissue mass was recently found again in the left pelvic cavity. After an enhanced CT examination, the radiologist was skeptical of the previous diagnosis of lymphoma. Subsequently, a needle biopsy was performed at Peking University Shougang Hospital. The pathological results rejected the prior diagnosis of lymphoma after consultation with additional hospitals, and the patient was diagnosed with FDCS.

Conclusions: The imaging manifestations of FDCS lack absolute specificity, but it also has imaging characteristics, such as large areas of necrosis in the huge mass, rough mass calcification in the mass, enhanced scan showed “fast in and slow out” mode, and there were blood vessels in the tumor. FDCS mainly occurs in lymph nodes and is easily misdiagnosed as GIST, inflammatory myoblastoma, lymphoma, etc. Radiologists should continue to collect cases of this disease and include suspected cases in the differential diagnosis in clinical work.

Methods: A thorough study of different molecular structures and properties was done using extensive computational analyses and simulations in order to identify compounds with the potential to inhibit ER activity. Diverse chemical libraries were subjected to docking against the target ER-α, and molecules with docking scores less than -8.00 kcal/mol were retained.

Results: Further, these virtual hits were evaluated using 3D-QSAR models for predicting activity. ADME/Tox screening was performed to retain compounds with optimal pharmacokinetic profiles. Six compounds with excellent binding potential predicted biological activity and favorable ADME/Tox profiles were chosen. Prolonged molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to assess structural stability over time.

Conclusion: The computational study on breast cancer on the target ER has yielded significant progress with the identification of six promising compounds that can be further evaluated through experimental validations.

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to study CT features of stage IA ovarian cancer, and compare the borderline tumor and stage IC ovarian cancer at the same time so as to improve the CT diagnosis of early ovarian cancer.

Methods: We retrospectively collected clinical and CT data of patients with stage I ovarian cancer and borderline ovarian tumor admitted to Nantong Tumor Hospital from 2013 to 2021. Altogether, 23 cases of patients (borderline ovarian tumor, 9 cases; stage IA ovarian cancer, 5 cases; stage IC ovarian cancer, 9 cases) were involved. CT characteristics of these patients were analyzed in terms of the tumor diameter, cystic solid structure, solid component, septation, enhancement, peritoneal thickening, ascites, and abdominal lymph nodes.

Results: CT features of stage IA ovarian cancer included large tumor size (average diameter: 15 cm), cystic solid structure (4/5; 80%), septation (4/5; 80%), and enhanced cystic wall, septum, or solid components of the tumor on contrast-enhanced CT (5/5; 100%), no peritoneal thickening (0/5; 0%), no ascites (0/5; 0%), and no abdominal lymph node enlargement (0/5; 0%). The tumor structure did not differ significantly between stage IA and IC ovarian cancers (p > 0.05), while intraperitoneal ascites did (χ² = 0.031; p < 0.05). Stage IA and borderline ovarian tumors did not differ significantly in ovarian tumor structure (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: CT features of stage IA ovarian cancer included large tumor size, cystic solid structure, septation, and enhanced cystic wall and solid parts in the tumors. No pelvic or abdominal metastasis was observed.

Methods: A total of 64 pre-menopausal women with uterine fibroids complicated vitamin D deficiency were enrolled in this study and randomly divided into two groups: the vitamin D group (n=32) which received oral vitamin D (1600 IU/ day) and the control group (n=32) without vitamin D supplementation. After three months of intervention, the mean diameter of uterine fibroids, elastic strain ratio, and blood flow grade were evaluated by multimodal ultrasound, and the clinical symptoms of the two groups were evaluated by questionnaire.

Results: The vitamin D group reported a significant increment in the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (P < 0.001). In addition, there were significant reductions in the mean diameter, and elastic strain ratio of uterine fibroids (P =.043 and P =.038, respectively), but no significant difference in the blood flow grade of uterine fibroids was observed (P =.272). Compared with the control group, the vitamin D group achieved significant relief in dysmenorrhea and frequent urination, as well as improvement in heavy menstrual bleeding.

Conclusion: The application of multimodal ultrasound provides a more comprehensive theoretical basis for vitamin on uterine fibroids. Vitamin D can effectively reduce the size of uterine fibroids in pre-menopausal women and relieve their symptoms. It is highly likely to be a promising, safe, effective, and inexpensive drug for uterine fibroids, which has good application value and promotion prospects.

Methods: The preprocessing techniques (smoothing, edge detection, filtering) and segmentation techniques (watershed) are applied to the online data set. The transfer learning technique is used as a classifier whose performance is measured in terms of classification accuracy. Resnet 50, Inception V3VGG16, and VGG19 models are used as classification algorithms. The proposed model is validated using different machine learning techniques considering hybrid features.

Results: 96% accuracy was obtained employing the Inception V3 model & 95% accuracy was attained using hybrid GLDS and GLCM features employing Support Vector Machine algorithm while 93% was attained using Probabilistic Neural Network and k Nearest Neighbor techniques.

Conclusion: Computer-aided systems gave much faster and more accurate results than image processing techniques.1.0% accuracy improvement was observed while using Inception V3 over GLDS + GLCM + SVM and 2.1% accuracy improvement using GLDS + GLCM + SVM over GLDS + GLCM + kNN.

Case Presentation: We report a case of a 73-year-old patient with small intestinal smooth muscle sarcoma with hepatic metastasis. No significant abnormalities were seen on examination of the abdomen. We performed abdominal enhancement CT, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), and ultrasoundguided pelvic mass puncture biopsy, and we found a heterogeneous density and echogenicity of the pelvic mass, and the enhancement was progressive with sustained hyperenhancement. The postoperative pathology was smooth muscle sarcoma of the small intestine. The typical fast-in, fast-out bull's-eye sign of metastases, characterized the liver presented with multiple hypodense and echogenic nodules and the enhancement. The clinical presentation, imaging, histologic features, and treatment are also discussed in this article.

Conclusion: This article briefly reviews the literature on small intestinal leiomyosarcoma. The purpose of this case report is to emphasize the specificity of the case and evaluate the imaging presentation of ultrasound (US) and CEUS and the main differential diagnosis of this rare gastrointestinal tumor.

Methods: We searched the literature for studies on Google Scholar and PubMed using the keywords “Segmentation,” “Classification,” “medical image,” and “generative adversarial network.” Specifically, the initial search revealed 5423 publications after the removal of duplicated and non-accessible fulltext publications. Then, after the title and abstract screening, 680 underwent full-text screening. Finally, 121 studies were included in our final analysis after full-text screening.

Results: The date range of the studies covered in this review is from January 1, 2017, to the present. After a thorough screening and qualification assessment, 121 studies involving GAN-based applications in seven areas of medical images were included in the final methodological review. These areas included synthesis, classification, segmentation, conversion, reconstruction, denoising, and lesion detection. We further classified and summarized these papers into clinical applications, classification methods, and imaging modalities.

Conclusion: We thoroughly examined the latest research progress of GAN-based medical image augmentation. These techniques effectively alleviate the challenge of limited training samples for medical image diagnosis and treatment models. Furthermore, several critical issues associated with GANs, such as pattern collapse, instability, and lack of interpretability, require attention in future research.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of colour Doppler ultrasound and two-dimensional ultrasound of monitoring patients with cervical cancer.

Methods: Colour Doppler ultrasound (Experimental group) and two-dimensional ultrasound (Control group) are used to monitor cervical cancer and assess the treatment effects. PFS, CI, HR, DCR, ORR, PR, SD, PD, ROD, sensitivity, and specificity, accuracy between the two groups were collected and analyzed.

Results: A total of 50 patients are included in this study, and the results show that PFS (Experimental group (EG) 5.8±2.2 versus Control group (CG) 6.1±2.6), CI (EG 20% versus CG 16%), HR (EG0.31±0.18 versus CG 0.36±0.21), DCR (EG 80% versus CG 84%), ORR(EG 28% versus CG 36%), PR (EG 16% versus CG 20%), SD (EG 48% versus CG 56%), PD (EG 12% versus CG 16%) (EG 12% versus CG 16%), ROD(EG 44% versus CG 52%) between the two groups are >0.05, and the values of sensitivity (EG 75.6% versus CG 40.2%), specificity (EG 78.4% versus CG 43.3%), and accuracy(EG 80.5% versus CG 41.4%) between the two groups are<0.05.

Conclusion: Both Colour Doppler ultrasound and two-dimensional ultrasound are effective methods to evaluate the efficacy of concurrent chemo-radiotherapy in patients with cervical cancer.

Materials and Methods: Patients who had undergone pelvic DWI, intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) sequence MRI scan before surgery were retrospectively enrolled. Single index model, double index model, and DKI were used for post-processing of the DWI data, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), real diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo diffusion coefficient (D*), perfusion fraction (f), non-Gaussian mean diffusion kurtosis (MK), mean diffusion coefficient (MD) and anisotropy fraction (FA) were calculated and compared between the Ki-67 high (≥50%) and low (<50%) expression groups.

Results: Forty-two patients with a median age of 56 (range 37 - 75) years were enrolled, including 15 patients with a high Ki-67 (≥50%) expression and 27 with a low Ki-67 (<50%) expression. The MK (0.91 ± 0.12 vs. 0.76 ± 0.12) was significantly (P<0.05) higher while MD (0.99 ± 0.17 vs. 1.16 ± 0.22), D (0.55 ± 0.06 vs. 0.62 ± 0.08), and f (0.21 vs. 0.28) were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the high than in the low expression group. The combined model of MK, MD, D, and f-values had the largest area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.869 (95% CI: 0.764-0.974), sensitivity 0.733 and specificity 0.852, followed by the MK value with an AUC value 0.827 (95% CI: 0.700-0.954), sensitivity 0.733 and specificity 0.815.

Conclusions: IVIM and DKI have certain diagnostic values for preoperative evaluation of the EC Ki-67 expression, and the combined model has the highest diagnostic efficiency.

Case Description: A 42-year-old nulliparous female presented at our institution with massive vaginal bleeding. Radiological studies, including ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging, revealed an oval-shaped mass with well-defined margins in the uterus protruding into the vagina. The patient underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy, and the final pathology was confirmed as STUMP.

Conclusion: Distinguishing STUMP from leiomyomas based solely on radiological findings can be challenging. However, if the uterine mass appears as a single mass lacking acoustic shadowing on ultrasound and demonstrates diffusion restriction with high T2 signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging, consideration of STUMP may be necessary for proper patient management, given the poor prognosis associated with this tumor.

Case Presentation: In this study, a case of a 72-year-old female with XGE and elevated CA125 is presented, which was misdiagnosed as endometrial cancer in transvaginal ultrasonography and ovarian cystadenocarcinoma in CT. However, the features of XGE on the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) were different from that of endometrial cancer. The patient finally underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy.

Discussion: The histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry suggested xanthogranulomatous endometritis (histiocytic endometritis). This case report manifests that CEUS may be a new noninvasive diagnostic method for XGE, which may reduce extensive tissue sampling and unnecessary hysterectomies for patients.

Case Presentation: We describe a case of a 55-year-old woman with adenofibroma of the endometrium. This patient was receiving toremifene after surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. She underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy. There was no evidence of tumor residual or recurrence at 32 months of MRI follow-up.

Conclusion: In conclusion, we report a rare case of endometrial adenofibroma in a patient receiving toremifene. It must be borne in mind that long-term toremifene therapy may increase the frequency of endometrial neoplasms.

Methods: The data on age distribution, clinical symptoms at onset, CA125 detection, MRI findings, including tumor volume, structure, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and enhancement, etc., of the patients with stage IA ovarian cancer, who were admitted to Nantong tumor Hospital between 2013 and 2020 were analyzed retrospectively.

Results: Only 11 cases of stage IA ovarian cancer were recorded. The age of patients was 30–67 (average 52) years. The initial symptoms were mostly lower abdominal distension and abdominal pain. CA125 was 90% positive. MRI features 1. Large pelvic mass with a volume range of 23–2,009 cm³ (average 669 cm³). 2. Five cases of cyst type (with plaque-like, papillary, or mural nodule vegetations), two cases of cystic-solid mixed type (with thickened septum or wall), and four cases of solid type. 3. DWI diffusion was limited, and ADC was reduced on all solid components (vegetation, septa, and cyst wall). 4. The solid parts were significantly enhanced on T1-enhanced MRI. 5. There was no metastasis in the pelvic cavity, and a few ascites (negative tumor cells) in three patients.

Conclusion: MRI characteristics of stage IA ovarian carcinomas were large tumors; cystic, cystic-solid, or solid; solid parts limited diffusion on DWI and low ADC; enhancement of the cyst wall, vegetation, and septa; no pelvic metastasis.

Objective: The main objective of this review-type paper is to provide a detailed overview of PCOS along with the current concept of a clinical stance in this complex multigenic disorder.

Method : The following databases were used for literature searches: PubMed, Frontiers, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley, and MDPI. For the purpose of finding pertinent articles and contents, the keywords “PCOS; hirsutism; psychological burden; obesity” and others of a similar nature were utilized.

Conclusion: PCOS is a complicated hormonal, metabolic, and psychological condition with many different clinical manifestations. It is among the most prevalent causes of infertility. Before considering any medication choices, lifestyle modifications should be considered the primary therapeutic prescription for PCOS-related infertility. According to recent studies, PCOS does not affect the risk of ovarian or breast cancer, but it does raise the risk of endometrial cancer in women of all ages. These results suggest that PCOS may increase the risk of gynaecological cancer morbidity. The following stage is ovulation stimulation, which is best accomplished with letrozole and is followed by clomiphene citrate. Women who had not responded to the first-line oral ovulatory medicine were given gonadotropins as a backup. Early detection of girls with a high propensity to develop PCOS will be made possible by a comprehensive knowledge of the condition's etiology. Adolescent PCOS will be better managed overall, related comorbidities will be prevented, and quality of life will increase with customized therapeutic approaches.

Objective: This study aimed to review the possible effects of Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances exposure and their mechanism in overweight/obese children from pregnant ladies.

Methods: A detailed literature survey was conducted using online databases, including Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane, and PubMed. The study focused on the diverse effects of PFAS on maternal and child health, with particular emphasis on neurological complications.

Results: Child growth development depends upon breastfeeding and placenta health, which is disrupted by PFAS exposure, ultimately destroying the body mass index of the child. Neurotoxicity testing utilized the SH-SY5Y human-derived cell line as an in vitro model, revealing PFAS-induced increases in adipocyte number, reduced cell size, altered lipid conglomeration, increased adiposity, and changes in liver function. in vivo studies in mice and human cell lines indicated PPAR-γ and ER-α activation, leading to adiposity and weight gain through Estrogen signaling and Lipid metabolism. PFAS concentrations positively correlated in maternal sera, analyzed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry.

Conclusion: PFAS, with a long half-life of 3.5-8.5 years, is commonly found in the serum of pregnant women, crossing the placenta barrier. This exposure disrupts placental homeostasis, negatively impacting mechanisms of action and potentially leading to deterioration in pregnancy and child health. Further research is needed to comprehensively understand the complex interplay between PFAS exposure and its implications for maternal and child well-being.

Aim: In the context of progressive ECM fibrosis during the development of uterine fibroids, which are one of the most common hypertrophic changes within the uterus, it is interesting to describe the level of SERPINA3 protein in this type of lesion and the surrounding tissues.

Methods: We used immunohistochemical staining of the SERPINA3 protein and compared the intensity of the signal between the myoma tissue and the surrounding normal tissue.

Results: We showed a surprising reduction in the amount of the SERPINA3 protein within uterine fibroids compared to surrounding tissues.

Conclusion: This observation sheds new light on the role of this protein in the formation of proliferative changes and suggests that understanding the mechanism of its action may become the basis for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

Objective: Our study aims to evaluate the contribution of ultrasonography in perimenopausal metrorrhagia and investigate possible clinical-ultrasound correlation.

Methods: This analytical descriptive study was carried out on 50 treated for perimenopausal metrorrhagia in the emergency department of the Tunis Maternity and Neonatology Center for four months (November 1, 2017, to February 28, 2018). We included in our study patients who were not yet postmenopausal who were ≥ 45 years of age, and who sought care for breakthrough bleeding. All patients in our study initially underwent endovaginal ultrasonography, sometimes coupled with suprapubic ultrasonography.

Results: The mean age of our patients was 46.3 years. Pelvic ultrasonography revealed an enlarged uterus in 16 patients (32%), with 14 of them having fibromatous uteri measuring between 3 to 10 centimeters. The findings indicate no significant correlation between ultrasound results and bleeding abundance (P = 0.321), pelvic pain (P = 0.108), and general condition (P = 0.437).

Conclusion: Endovaginal pelvic ultrasonography is a quick, painless test and is the first test to be done first in an emergency department with perimenopausal vaginal bleeding. The correlation between clinical and ultrasound findings is highly random, making it impossible to assume a well-- coded diagnostic and therapeutic presumption.

Objective: The study aimed to compare self-esteem, body image, and depression in hysterectomized and non-hysterectomized Iranian women.

Methods: In this cross-sectional comparative study, 140 women of the reproductive age, who have undergone hysterectomy with benign causes, were compared in terms of self-esteem, body image, and depression with 140 women receiving medical treatment due to abnormal bleeding in educational and medical centers in Tabriz, Iran. Sampling was conducted by convenience method. Self-esteem was assessed with the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, body image was assessed with the multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire, and depression was assessed with the Beck II depression inventory. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test, independent t-test, chi-square test, and general linear model.

Results: The mean (standard deviation) of the body image in hysterectomized and nonhysterectomized women was 235.3 (28.5) and 250.1 (23.4) out of an achievable score of 69-395, respectively. The mean (standard deviation) self-esteem score for hysterectomized women was 20.4 (4.8) and it was 24.2 (3.4) in non-hysterectomized women (out of an achievable score of 0-30). The mean (standard deviation) depression score was 18.1 (9.7) and 5.5 (4.6) out of 0-63 in hysterectomized and non-hysterectomized women, respectively. The differences in self-esteem, body image, and depression variables were statistically significant in hysterectomized and non-hysterectomized women, respectively (P<0.001).

Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the body image and self-esteem in hysterectomized women were low compared to non-hysterectomized women, while the level of depression was high, and this difference was statistically significant.

Background: The effect of nanocrystal chrysin on the kidneys of rats exposed to chlorpyrifos has not been fully understood.

Objective: The safety and efficacy of nanocrystal chrysin was evaluated.

Methods: The rats were randomly divided into six groups of six rats each: 1) a control group treated with corn oil, 2) a group treated with chrysin nanocrystals (5 mg/kg), 3) a group treated with chrysin nanocrystals (10 mg/kg), 4) a group treated with chrysin nanocrystals (5 mg/kg) + chlorpyrifos (30 mg/kg), 5) a group treated with chrysin nanocrystals (10 mg/kg) + chlorpyrifos (30 mg/kg). After the intervention, serum and kidney tissue samples were separated.

Results: Histology and biochemical factors at the serum level did not reveal any significant changes in all treated groups versus the control group. Additionally, the morphology of the renal tubules in all groups, including the glomeruli, was normal. There was no inflammation, congestion, necrosis, or degeneration.

Conclusion: In this study, the serum levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubin, and albumin, which are indicators of kidney function, as well as oxidative stress indices and kidney morphology in animals given doses of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of chrysin nanocrystals did not change. This study suggests that chrysin nanocrystals with an average diameter of 155 nm may be a safe and efficient antioxidant.

Case Presentation: The present case report briefs the finding of a 39-year-old woman who presented to the gynecological outpatient department with complaints of vaginal discharge for 6-8 months. She had no history of irregular menstrual cycles or postcoital bleeding. Her routine Pap smear revealed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and was positive for HPV-16 type. Her cervical biopsy report revealed AIS and her histopathological report of hysterectomy revealed SMILE, a variant of AIS.

Discussion: The SMILE variant of AIS is a rare cervical precancerous lesion characterized by the morphological overlap of both squamous intraepithelial lesions and AIS. It is often difficult to diagnose on Pap smear and is commonly associated with high-risk HPV infections. The management of SMILE is the same as that for AIS, which is the excisional procedure followed by a hysterectomy if the margins are negative and depending on the fertility desires of the patient, followed by regular follow-up with HPV testing.

Conclusion: SMILE is a rare variant of AIS, which is often missed on cytological screening of the cervix. It is commonly associated with high-risk types of HPV. Hence, incorporating HPV testing in the screening of cervical cancer is important and recommended to increase the overall sensitivity of screening for adenocarcinoma lesions.

Objectives: In the present study, the protective effects of vitamins E and D on renal toxicity caused by tamoxifen in female Wistar rats were investigated.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-five adult female rats weighing 180-200 were randomly divided into five groups with 5 rats. Group C, T, TE, TD, and TED were treated with olive oil, tamoxifen, tamoxifen + vitamin E, tamoxifen +vitamin D, and tamoxifen + both vitamins for four weeks. ELISA Kits measured the oxidant and antioxidant tests and TNF-α in kidney tissue. The spectrophotometric method measured urea, uric acid, and creatinine in serum and urine.

Results: Tamoxifen significantly decreased the weight of rats, GPx, CAT, SOD levels and increased TNF-α, urinary creatinine level and, serum uric acid, urea levels (P < 0.05). But, treatment with vitamin D and simultaneous administration of vitamins led to a significant decrease in the level of (TNF-α) compared to the tamoxifen group (p < 0.01). Also, the histopathology results showed that the simultaneous administration of vitamins has significantly resolved the damage caused by the use of tamoxifen.

Conclusion: The present study's findings showed that using vitamins E and D prevents kidney damage through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, using vitamins E and D probably showed stronger synergistic effects against kidney damage.

Benzimidazole scaffold is an exclusive structure in drug design and discovery. Many new pharmaceutical drugs containing benzimidazole are anticipated to be available within the next ten years as a result of the extensive therapeutic applications of benzimidazole and its derivatives. This review inspired many researchers to develop more biologically active compounds bearing benzimidazole, expanding the scope of finding a remedy for other diseases. From this study, we concluded that 2-substituted benzimidazole was considered more extensively by researchers.

Objective: The main topic of discussion is cancer-based vaccinations, which were developed less than a decade ago but have already been used to treat a wide range of both life-threatening and deadly diseases. It contains clinical studies for cancer vaccines against kidney, liver, prostate, cervix, and certain RNA-based cancer vaccines against breast and bladder cancer.

Results: Numerous studies using various DNA and RNA-based methods have been conducted on the basis of cancer, with 9-10 diseases related to DNA and 8–9 diseases associated with RNA. Some of these studies have been completed, while others have been eliminated due to a lack of research; further studies are ongoing regarding the same.

Conclusion: This brief discussion of vaccines and their varieties with examples also discusses vaccine clinical trials in relation to cancer diseases in this DNA and RNA-based cancer vaccine that has had successful clinical trials like the cervical cancer drug VGX-3100, the kidney cancer drug Pembrolizumab, MGN-1601, the prostate cancer drug pTVG-HP with rhGM-CSF, the melanoma cancer drug proteasome siRNA, and the lung cancer drug FRAME-001.

Background: Ayurvedic medicine is one of the oldest and most traditional healthcare systems in India. There is limited documentation available regarding the information of traditional medicinal uses of plants even though various rural folks and elders have long been using plant-based formulations for curing human ailments. Hence, there is an urgent need to document this traditional knowledge to endorse the Ayurveda or Indigenous medicinal system before such valuable knowledge becomes inaccessible and extinct.

Objective: The present study was carried out to profile the current status of medicinal plants used by Traditional Vaidya’s/practitioners/locals, and discuss the status of Ayurveda and indigenous systems in the Northern states of India i.e., Haryana and Rajasthan.

Methods: To study currently available medicinal plants used by traditional Vaidyas in Northern states of India such as Haryana and Rajasthan, a survey among 50 Vaidyas of each state was undertaken. Information was gathered through interview and questionnaires consisting of 20 questions regarding their knowledge, expertise, targeted ailments, herbal formulations, and preservation techniques.

Results: According to the collected information, these Vaidyas have almost 4 to 40 yrs. of experience and acquired their knowledge in a variety of ways, including from academic institutions or their ancestors. By feeling the pulse in the wrist, these Vaidyas were able to diagnose ailments associated with the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) with medical precision via sensing the wrist's pulse. Different illnesses associated with kidney, lungs, digestive system, leukosis, diabetes, blood pressure etc. were treated by these traditional Vaidyas. In addition to prescribing medicines, Vaidyas carefully observe the patient's routine, physical health and their age group for better medication. Several indigenous medicinal herbs such as Ashwagandha, safed musli, gokhru, garmunda, bawli ghans, giloy, triphala, ginger, patthar chatta, Aloe vera, Stevia, and many other herbs are being used by these traditional Vaidyas for their herbal formulations.

Conclusion: This survey highlights Ayurveda and its use of plants in the field of medicine, through validation based on knowledge of traditional Vaidyas. This article also highlights the indigenous system and some important Indian medicinal plants of Haryana and Rajasthan and their therapeutic use in daily life. This survey enlightens the traditional Vaidyas and their knowledge of the Ayurveda medicinal system. This step might strengthen the validity of these products and provide a lead to target new formulation preparations. Many high-profile formulations could be prepared in the future, if most of these reputed traditional Vaidyas get organized.

On the other hand, undergoing debulking surgery becomes challenging, and therapy with many chemotherapeutic medications has manifested resistance, a condition known as multidrug resistance (MDR). Although there are other therapeutic options for ovarian cancer, this article solely focuses on co-delivery techniques, which work via diverse pathways to overcome cancer cell resistance. Different pathways contribute to MDR development in ovarian cancer; however, usually, pump and non-pump mechanisms are involved. Striking cancerous cells from several angles is important to defeat MDR. Nanocarriers are known to bypass the drug efflux pump found on cellular membranes to hit the pump mechanism.

Nanocarriers aid in the treatment of ovarian cancer by enhancing the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the tumour sites through passive or active targeting, thereby reducing unfavorable side effects on the healthy tissues. Additionally, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) mechanism boosts the bioavailability of the tumour site. To address the shortcomings of conventional delivery, the current review attempts to explain the current conventional treatment with special reference to passively and actively targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) towards specific receptors developed to treat ovarian cancer. In conclusion, tailored nanocarriers would optimize medication delivery into the intracellular compartment before optimizing intra-tumour distribution. Other novel treatment possibilities for ovarian cancer include tumour vaccines, gene therapy, targeting epigenetic alteration, and biologically targeted compounds. These characteristics might enhance the therapeutic efficacy.

Methods: Data were collected from sources such as Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Google Scholar, EMBASE, PubChem and Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases.

Results: An array of plants were listed encompassing the etymology, botany of the plants, chief phytochemicals present with estrogenic potential and medicinal benefits. Vital phytoestrogens reported were flavonoids, coumestans, stilbenes, chalcones and lignans. Phytoestrogenic compounds were reported to empower women’s health during and after menopause.

Conclusion: These botanicals are considered safe due to their low or no side effects but intensive research is necessitated to validate the effectiveness and safety of phytoestrogens.

Objective: In the present study, the anti-obesity targets and molecular mechanisms of Myricitrin, along with another flavanol Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were explored through network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and molecular docking.

Methods: The potential targets for Myricitrin and EGCG were obtained from Pharmmaper, SwissTargetPrediction, TargetNet, SEA, Super-PRED, TCMSP, and STICH databases. Meanwhile, DEG targets were retrieved from GEO datasets, and obesity targets were collected from DrugBank, TTD, DisGeNet, OMIM, GeneCards, PharmGKB, and CTD databases. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were conducted through Metascape online tool. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were also constructed for compound, DEG, and obesity targets to screen the core targets through MCODE analysis. The further screened-out key targets were finally verified through the compound-target-pathway-disease network, mRNA expression level, target-organ correlation, and molecular docking analyses.

Results: In total, 538 and 660 targets were identified for Myricitrin and EGCG, respectively, and 725 DEG targets and 1880 obesity targets were retrieved. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that Myricitrin and EGCG targets were enriched in the pathways correlating with obesity, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, the intersection core targets for Myricitrin and EGCG function mainly through the regulation of responses to hormones and involving pathways in cancer. Above all, androgen receptor (AR), cyclin D1 (CCND1), early growth response protein 1 (EGR1), and estrogen receptor (ERS1) were identified as key targets in the compound-target-pathway-disease network for both Myricitrin and EGCG, with significant different mRNA expression between weight loss and control groups. Target-organ correlation analysis exhibited that AR and CCND1 showed high expression in adipocytes. Molecular docking also revealed good binding abilities between Myricitrin and EGCG, and all four receptor proteins.

Conclusion: The present research integrated network pharmacology and bioinformatics approach to reveal the key targets of Myricitrin and EGCG against obesity. The results provided novel insights into the molecular mechanism of Myricitrin and EGCG in obesity prevention and treatment and laid the foundations for the exploitation of flavonoid-containing herbal resources.

Case Presentation: We report a case of a non-pregnant woman with severe respiratory symptoms masquerading as pulmonary infection who was diagnosed with pulmonary metastasis of the gestational trophoblastic disease.

Conclusion: The timely diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was the key aspect in the management of our case, and she survived and was discharged to home after a long hospitalization course.

Objectives: This study investigated the synergistic potentiation of 4-nerolidylcatechol (4-NC) with DOC in inhibiting androgen-independent PCa cells.

Methods: The cytotoxic effect of 4-NC was evaluated against non-tumorigenic (RWPE-01) and PCa cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3), and the antiproliferative potential of 4-NC was assessed by flow cytometry and colony formation. The Chou-Talalay method was applied to detect the synergistic effect of 4-NC and DOC, and the mechanism of anticancer activities of this combination was investigated by analyzing players in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Results: 4-NC significantly reduced the viability of PC-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner, decreasing colony formation and proliferation. The combination of 4-NC and DOC was synergistic in the androgen-independent cells and allowed the reduction of DOC concentration, with increased cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis when compared to compounds alone. Furthermore, when 4- NC was co-administered with DOC, higher expression levels of proteins associated with the epithelial phenotype were observed, controlling EMT in PC-3 cells.

Conclusion: Collectively, these data demonstrated, for the first time, that the combination of 4-NC with reduced doses of DOC could be especially valuable in the suppression of oncogenic mechanisms of androgen-independent PCa cells.

Objective: To analyze pathophysiological characteristics/co-morbidities precipitating myocardial ischemia in patients with HTN LVH and provide a rationale for recommending beta-blockers (BBs) to prevent/treat ischemia in LVH.

Methods: We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, PubMed, Elsevier, Springer Verlag, and Google Scholar for review articles and guidelines on hypertension from 01/01/2000 until 01/05/2022. The search was limited to publications written in English.

Results: HTN LVH worsens ischemia in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Even without obstructive CAD, several pathophysiological mechanisms in HTN LVH can lead to myocardial ischemia. In the same guidelines that recommend BBs for patients with HTN and CAD, we could not find a single recommendation for BBs in patients with HTN LVH but without proven CAD. There are several reasons for the proposal of using some BBs to control ischemia in patients with HTN and LVH (even in the absence of obstructive CAD).

Conclusion: Some BBs ought to be considered to prevent/treat ischemia in patients with HTN LVH (even in the absence of obstructive CAD). Furthermore, LVH and ischemic events are important causes of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and sudden cardiac death; these events are another reason for recommending certain BBs for HTN LVH.

Methodology: This is a systematic study covering various tools and techniques used for medical image analysis in the field of cancer detection. It focuses on machine learning and deep learning technologies, their performances, and their shortcomings. Also, the various types of imaging techniques and the different datasets used have been discussed extensively. This work also discusses the various preprocessing techniques that have been performed on medical images for better classification.

Results: A total of 270 studies from 5 different publications and 5 different conferences have been included and compared on the above-cited parameters.

Conclusion: Recommendations for future work have been given towards the end.

Material and Methods: Complete information collection was performed by reading most of the available articles.

Results: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer, and the best way to prevent it is vaccination between the ages of 9 and 11 years, screening women and, more importantly, educating girls. One of the easiest methods to screen for this disease is Pap tests and HPV genotyping (high-risk strains 16 and 18). Cervical cancer is asymptomatic in the early stages, but after spreading to other parts of the body, it causes symptoms, such as bleeding, pelvic pain, and dyspareunia. Cervical cancer treatment is based on the stage of the disease and the involvement of other parts of the body. In general, however, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hysterectomy are among the common treatments for cervical cancer. Each of these methods has its side effects; for instance, chemotherapy destroys healthy as well as cancer cells.

Conclusion: Nowadays, with molecular knowledge, new drugs have been developed that are free from the side effects of cancer treatment methods and only affect cancer cells. All the results have been reviewed and compiled.

Objectives: This article explores the possibilities of SERMs as effective BC agents.

Methods: A detailed literature survey of the history and recent advancements of SERMs has been carried out, taking BC as the primary target. This review provides information about ER structure, signaling, pharmacological action, chemical classification with SAR analysis, and benefits and adverse effects of SERMs as potential BC agents.

Results: Exhaustive literature studies suggested that SERMs having an agonistic, antagonistic or mixed activity to ER could efficiently inhibit BC cell proliferation.

Conclusion: Each chemical class of SERMs comprises some salient features and potentials, which may be further investigated to obtain novel effective SERMs in BC therapy.

Objective: Aim of this study was to explore the various applications of the bioadhesive nanoparticles found in the literature.

Methods: Authors have studied the literature finding that bioadhesive nanoparticles can be administered via routes such as oral, topical, ocular, dermal, vaginal, etc., according to the clinician’s opinion and treatment choice. Therefore, the knowledge of general characteristics of bioadhesive nanoparticles, the bioadhesion theory, and other properties of nanoparticles should be known for developing innovative bioadhesive drug nanocarriers.

Results: In this review article, the authors state the current knowledge of theories. In addition, the present categories of nanoparticles and their basic characteristics are also discussed. Finally, the biomedical applications of bioadhesive nanocarriers and the several administration routes are extensively reviewed.

Conclusion: The review article aims to cover the most current bioadhesive nanoparticles for drug delivery to assist any scientist who desires to study or develop innovative bioadhesive formulations.

Case Presentation: Herein, we present the case of a patient with an incidentally discovered ovarian mass, which was finally diagnosed as a Krukenberg tumor accompanying ovarian torsion with primary stomach cancer. We further review the clinical, imaging, and histological features of Krukenberg tumors.

Conclusion: Radiologists should be aware of Krukenberg tumors that may present with ovarian torsion.

Objective: This study emphasizes the progress of site-specific and controlled delivery of therapeutics in the treatment of vaginal disorders and systemic adverse effects as well as the therapeutic efficacy.

Methods: Related research reports and patents associated with topics are collected, utilized, and summarized the key findings.

Results: The comprehensive literature study and patents like (US 9393216 B2), (JP6672370B2), and (WO2018041268A1) indicated that nanocarriers are effective above traditional treatments and have some significant efficacy with novelty.

Conclusion: Nowadays, site-specific and controlled delivery of therapeutics for the treatment of vaginal disorders is essential to prevent systemic adverse effects and therapeutic efficacy would be more effective. Nanocarriers have therefore been used to bypass the problems associated with traditional delivery systems for the vaginal disorder.

Material and Methods: The OpenDose was used to calculate S values (mGy MBq^-1s^-1) for bone surface, red bone marrow, urinary bladder wall, testes, ovaries, uterus, and kidneys using male (ICRP110AM) and female (ICRP110AF) phantoms. The cortical thoracic spine was modeled as metastasis. Moreover, the absorbed doses were computed via MIRD formalism according to the activities of 3.3, 148, 2220, and 370 MBq for ICRP110AM and 4.015, 148, 2701, and 370 MBq for ICRP110AF in ²²³Ra, ⁸⁹Sr, ¹⁵³Sm, and ³²P treatments, respectively.

Results: Whilst the maximum bone surface doses were found as 1.22E+02 and 8.51E+01 mGy at ³²P treatment, the minimum bone surface doses were calculated as 8.42E-02 and 8.26E-02 mGy at ²²³Ra. In terms of the comparison of red bone marrow, urinary bladder wall, and kidney doses, ¹⁵³Sm and ⁸⁹Sr treatments showed maximum doses of 2.45E-03, 1.50E-03, 3.23E-07, 5.45E-06, 1.20E-01, 1.49E-01 mGy and the minimum doses with 3.46E-05, 1.99E-05, 6.33E-09, 8.77E-09, 1.19E-04, 1.15E-04 mGy, respectively. The maximum testes and ovaries-uterus doses were found as 6.17E-08, 7.40E-06, 3.46E-07 mGy in ¹⁵³Sm treatment, and minimum testes and ovaries doses as 1.70E-09, 1.34E-07 mGy in ²²³Ra. The minimum uterus dose with 7.03E-09 mGy was determined in ⁸⁹Sr treatment.

Conclusion: It is observed that ²²³Ra produces low critical organ doses in the treatment of painful bone metastasis. Among the beta-emitting radionuclides, ⁸⁹Sr stands out by showing optimal dosimetric results.

Results: A total of 17 patients were allocated to each group. The two groups were similar at baseline in underlying disease, age, duration of RA, duration of alendronate use, laboratory findings, and rheumatoid arthritis drugs. Moreover, the mean scores of DAS28ESR, HAQ, and VAS during visits were not significantly different between the intervention and control groups (p >0.05).

Conclusion: The current study results could not prove any clinical benefits of adding raloxifene to standard therapies for patients with rheumatoid arthritis in improving their disease activity compared to placebo.

Clinical Trial Registration Number: Trial registration number is NCT02982083]]> https://www.benthamscience.comarticle/124217Background: Since the 1980s, cancer research has focused primarily on developing new therapeutic agents targeting DNA alterations rather than understanding cancer as an integrated system composed of several modules. In this sense, G-quadruplex (G4) nucleic acids are a promising target for drug development for cancer therapy since they exist in the chromosomal telomeric sequences and the promoter regions of numerous genes. The G4 structures within telomeric DNA can inhibit telomerase activity and prevent the proliferation and immortalization of cancer cells. Furthermore, such G4 systems within the promoter regions of oncogenes can inhibit the transcription and expression of the oncogene.

Objective: The rational design of small molecules such as organic ligands and their metal- organic derivative compounds can stabilize G4 structures through different binding modes on several G4 DNA topologies. Metal-based compounds have demonstrated their competitiveness compared to organic molecules to distinguish G4 over the DNA duplex owing to their convenient coordination features, positive charge, and electron density promoted by organic ligand.

Results: This article is a comprehensive review of metal compounds G4-binders and their structural features that confer them the ability to recognize G-quartets and stabilize several DNA G4s.

Conclusion: This stabilization can be achieved through extended square aromatic surfaces, increased hydrophobicity, different auxiliary ligands, axially coordinated ligands, and the nature of the metal center.

Objectives: Although previous studies have shown the effectiveness of quercetin (QCT) and vitamin E (Vit. E), two major dietary antioxidants with favorable attributes regarding the female reproductive system, on doxorubicin-induced insulting to the ovary and, uterus, the mechanisms involved in responding to stress and inflammation have not been elucidated. Hence, this study sought to evaluate the preventive effects of these two antioxidants on doxorubicin-induced disruption of ovarian and uterine stress and inflammation.

Methods: The study involved 48 female rats that were equally allocated into 6 groups; control (CON), QCT (20mg/Kg), Vit. E (200mg/Kg), DOX (accumulative 15mg/Kg), DOX+QCT, and DOX+Vit.E. Upon 21 days treatment, the activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione-dependent system, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the reproductive tissues and serum were evaluated.

Results: Findings demonstrated that the levels of CAT, SOD, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and TAC were alleviated by the studied antioxidants in both tissues (p-value<0.05). Furthermore, both supplements revealed ameliorative effects on DOX-induced alterations in NO, MDA (pvalue< 0.001), and TNF-α levels.

Conclusion: Taking together, the present findings suggested the promising alleviative properties of QCT and Vit. E via modulating stress- and inflammation-responsive mechanisms against DOXinduced female reproductive toxicity.

Objective: Boerhavia, a polymorphic genus, has been treated as a single genus encompassing species belonging to a morphologically related genus, Commicarpus. Owing to this taxonomic quandary with regard to the merger or separation of the two genera by different workers, there are different reports on the number of species belonging to this genus. This has further resulted in flawed reporting of ethnomedicinal as well as ethnopharmacological studies. The present review focuses on resolving any confusion regarding taxonomic treatment and highlighting the ethnomedicinal uses supported by ethnopharmacological data and the phytochemistry of Boerhavia and Commicarpus species found in India.

Conclusion: In India, four species of Boerhavia and two species belonging to Commicarpus are found. The literature survey revealed that except for B. diffusa, no other species of Boerhavia has been explored in detail. This presents an opportunity to conduct research on Boerhavia species and find new phytochemicals with promising therapeutic effects.

Objectives: This review aims to provide updated information on the genus Euphorbia, including traditional medicinal uses, valuation and exploitation of medicinal plants, phytochemistry, botanical characterization, pharmacological and toxicological research focused on the medicinal properties of several Euphorbias in particular their antibacterial, anti-tumor, and cell manifestations, in addition to the effect of each isolated bioactive molecule from these species and their pharmacological use including preclinical evaluation of new drugs.

Materials and Methods: This work was conducted using scientific databases such as: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, etc. In addition, ChemDraw software has been used for the drawing of chemical molecules. The correct names of the plants were confirmed from plantlist.org. The results of this review research were interpreted, analyzed and documented based on the bibliographical information obtained.

Results: Among all the species of the Euphorbiaceae family, 15 species have been demonstrated to exhibit anticancer activity, 21 species have antibacterial activity, and 10 species have cytotoxic activity. The majority of the chemical constituents of this plant include triterpenoid glycosides, diterpenoids, flavonoids, and the 4α-methyl steroids. Among them, the main bioactive constituents are present in the diterpenoid fraction. The study of more than 33 steroid plants identified more than 104 compounds. Pharmacological research proved that the crude extracts and some pure compounds obtained from Euphorbia had activities for the treatment of different diseases. The objective of the present study was focused on cytotoxic, antibacterial and antitumor diseases. The study of the phytochemistry of the Euphorbia families led to the conclusion that all the plants studied had active compounds, of which 27 plants were characterized by their cytotoxic effects, 7 had antibacterial effects and 10 plants had anti-tumor activities. Therefore, the safety of Euphorbia herbal medicine should be considered a top priority in the early stages of development and clinical trials.

Conclusion: Many previous studies have validated many traditional uses of Euphorbia species. The latex of some Euphorbia species seems to be toxic however, studies dealing with the safety and quality of these species are still incomplete. Extensive studies are needed on the Euphorbia plants before they can be fully used in clinics as a potent drug candidate, as researchers are focusing mainly on diterpenoids and triterpenoids, while there are many other types of compounds that may possess new biological activities.

Methods: Authors searched PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI-web of knowledge, and Google scholar databases for medical subject headings terms and free-text words related to the classes mentioned above of chemicals and bone metabolism and remodeling for better clarifying and understanding the main mechanisms of bone disruption.

Results: Several EDCs act as xeno-estrogens. Considering that estrogens play a significant role in regulating bone remodeling, most of these chemicals generate hormonal imbalance with possible detrimental consequences on bone tissue structure and its mechanical and non-mechanical properties.

Discussion: Much evidence about bone disruptors was obtained from in vitro studies or animal models with equivocal results. Besides, a few data have been acquired from humans, and most of these data focused on the impact of EDCs on bone mineral density without considering their influence on long-term fracture risk. Moreover, humans may be exposed to a mixture of EDCs, and the final effect on bone metabolism might be attributable to either synergistic or antagonist effects. Age of first exposure, cumulative exposure over time, and the usually observed non-monotonic dose-response curve for EDCs should be considered as other essential variables influencing bone metabolism's final effect.

Conclusion: Given these variables, observational studies are needed to analyze this issue for ecological purposes better and preserve bone health.

The development of efficient and safe gene delivery systems is essential for facilitating gene transfer to various organs and tissues in vivo.

Objective: In this review, we briefly describe the principal mechanisms of gene delivery systems, particularly electroporation, and discuss the latest advancements in the application of electroporation for in vivo gene transfer.

Methods: A narrative review of all the relevant publication known to the authors was conducted.

Results: In recent years, electroporation-based strategies have emerged as an auspicious and versatile platform for efficient and controlled delivery of various biomolecules, including nucleic acids. Applying electric pulses of enough magnitude leads to the formation of hydrophilic pores in the cell membrane and allows the entry of otherwise membrane-impermeant molecules, such as DNA. Although electroporation has been initially developed for in vitro transfection of cells, it has recently advanced to preclinical in vivo applications and finally to clinical trials.

Conclusion: Electroporation has already entered the clinical practice for antitumor therapy and may be an essential part of future personalized treatments. Given the ability of electroporation to deliver multiple genes in a single event, it will also certainly be further developed both as a stand-alone delivery approach and when coupled with other technologies.

Introduction: The therapeutic effectiveness of the placenta can be well defined with respect to several biochemical mechanisms of various components present in it. The placental extract derived from biomedical wastes has also shown a great potential for treatment of various diseases.

Methods: Placental therapy has been reported specifically to have potent action in the treatment of diseases and tissue regeneration.

Results: Placental bioactive components and their multi-targeting identity prompted us to compile the précise information on placental extract products. However, some findings are needed to be explored by scientific community to prove their clinical potential with significant statistical validation.

Conclusion: In the light of available information and the usefulness of the placental extract, it is necessary that the formulations of various desirable properties may be developed to meet the clinical requirements in several treatment paradigms. The potential effects of placental extract-based therapy are an interesting topic for investigation.

Case Presentation: The present study describes the isolation of Pichia fermentans (Candida firmentaria var. firmentaria) from the vaginal secretions of a 61-year-old woman affected by endometrial cancer. She reported abdominal pain and vaginal discharge for 3 months, and had a history of diabetes, hypertension, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). The isolated yeast was identified based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-ITS2 rDNA) sequence analysis. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing showed a higher effect for ketoconazole against P. fermentans than fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole.

Conclusion: Correct differentiation between P. fermentans and other yeast should be considered. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing is recommended for rare yeast, and will help the physicians in providing the best treatment.

Case Description: Here, we are reporting a case of a giant cervical polyp in a 38-year-old nulliparous lady who reported heavy menstrual bleeding and mass per vagina.

Conclusion: Since a giant cervical polyp can mimic chronic inversion of the uterus, cervical fibroid, endometrial polyp, and cervical malignancy, it requires ruling out of these conditions before GnRH therapy.

Objective: To report the clinical presentation, the first- and second-line treatment and outcomes of UNSEPs.

Methods: We retrospectively collected patients treated for UNSEP (namely cervical, interstitial, ovarian, angular, abdominal, cornual and intramural), their baseline characteristics, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic pathway and the type of first-line treatment (medical, surgical or combined). We further collected treatment failures and the type of second- line treatment. We assessed treatment outcomes, time to serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) level negativity, length of recovery, follow up and return to a normal menstrual cycle.

Results: From 2009 to 2019, we collected 79 cases. Of them, 27 (34%), 23 (29%), 12 (15%), 8 (10%), 6 (8%) and 3 (4%) were cervical, interstitial, ovarian, angular, abdominal and cornual, respectively. Forty women (50.6%) were submitted to medical treatment, mostly methotrexate based; conversely, 36 patients (45.6%) underwent surgery and only 3 women (3.8%) received a combined treatment. The success of first-line treatment rate, regardless of UNSEP location, was 53% and 89% for medical and surgical treatment, respectively. Treatment failures (21 patients) were submitted to second-line treatment, respectively 47.6% and 52.4% to medical and surgical approach. Of interest, cervical pregnancies achieved the lowest rate of first-line medical treatment success (22%) and received more frequently (69%) a subsequent surgical approach with no hysterectomy. Interstitial pregnancies were submitted to surgery mostly for a matter of urgency (71%), otherwise, they were treated with a medical approach both at first- and second-line treatment. Ovarian pregnancies were treated with ovariectomy in 44% of the cases submitted to surgery. Angular pregnancies underwent surgery more often, while all the abdominal pregnancies underwent endoscopic or open surgery. Cornual pregnancies received cornuostomy in 75% of the cases. Overall, the need for blood transfusion was 23.1% among the patients submitted to surgery. The median length of hospitalisation was shorter for women submitted to surgical first-line treatment (5 vs. 10 days; p = 0.002). In case of first-line medical treatment and in case of failure, we found an increase of 3 days (CI95% 0.6-5.5; p = 0.01) and of 3.6 days (CI95% 0.89-6.30; p = 0.01) in the length of hospitalisation, respectively. Negative β-HCG levels were obtained earlier in the surgical group (median 25 vs. 51 days; p = 0.001), as well as the return to normal menstrual cycle (median 31 vs. 67 days; p < 0.000). Post-treatment follow-up, regardless of the failure of first-line treatment was shorter in the surgical group (median 32 versus 68 days; p= 0.003).

Conclusion: Cervical pregnancies were successfully managed with a surgical approach without hysterectomy, and hence, we suggest avoiding medical treatment. No consensus emerged for other UNSEPs. Ovarian, angular and interstitial pregnancies are burdened by a non-conservative approach on the utero-ovarian structures. The surgical approach led to shorter recovery, earlier β-hCG negativity and shorter follow-up, even though there is an increased risk for blood transfusion.

Objective: The review elaborates traditional practices related to Lantana camara L., its phytochemistry, and its role in various types of cancers..

Methods: The data on L. camara were collected through different online databases, like Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, and Google Scholar.

Results: Major phytoconstituents isolated from the plant shows anticancer activity, especially lantadene A-D, icterogenin, oleanolic acid, lantacamaric acid A, B, oleanonic acid, etc. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the potential of the plant for various cancers. Certain extracts, isolated compounds, and their semi-synthetic derivatives have depicted a significant cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effect.

Conclusion: Clinical studies related to the therapeutic efficacy of Lantana camara L. are not yet established, therefore, making it crucial to direct future researches in this area.

Objective: This study aims to discuss the pathogenic/benign effects of inv(9) in all possible clinical conditions detected in the occurrence of this abnormality.

Methods: Studies on inv(9) were collected via PubMed, MalaCards, Google Scholar, and NORD, along with the search terms of inv(9), pericentric inv(9), and chromosome 9 variants. Additionally, the incidence of inv(9) and the karyotype and clinical findings of individuals reported with this variant were investigated.

Results: The collection of the studies reviewed shows that inv(9) is associated with various conditions such as congenital anomalies, growth retardation, infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and cancer. The clinical features associated with this variant in humans vary between growth stages. Further, there have been no shared clinical findings in a specific period.

Conclusion: Although there is no conclusive evidence for the pathogenicity of this rearrangement, prenatal genetic counseling on inv(9) and further clinical and molecular studies would be helpful in chromosome 9-related problems.

Objectives: With the following goals in mind, this review tries to describe significant recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of heterocycle-based compounds: (1) To shed light on recent literature focused on heterocyclic derivatives' anticancer potential; (2) To discuss recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of heterocyclic derivatives, as well as their biological implications for cancer eradication; (3) To summarise the comprehensive correlation of structure activity relationship (SAR) with pharmacological outcomes in cancer therapy.

Background: Cancer remains one of the major serious health issues in the world today. Cancer is a complex disease in which improperly altered cells proliferate at an uncontrolled, rapid, and severe rate. Variables such as poor dietary habits, high stress, age, and smoking, can all contribute to the development of cancer. Cancer can affect almost any organ or tissue, although the brain, breast, liver, and colon are the most frequently affected organs. For several years, surgical operations and irradiation have been in use along with chemotherapy as a primary treatment of cancer, but still, effective treatment of cancer remains a huge challenge. Chemotherapy is now considered one of the most effective strategies to eradicate cancer, although it has been shown to have a number of cytotoxic and unfavourable effects on normal cells. Despite all of these cancer treatments, there are several other targets for anticancer drugs. Cancer can be effectively eradicated by focusing on these targets, including cell-specific and receptor-specific targets such as tyrosine kinase receptors (TKIs). Heterocyclic scaffolds also have a variety of applications in drug development and are a common moiety in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and textile industries.

Methods: The association between structural activity relationship data of many powerful compounds and their anticancer potential in vitro and in vivo has been studied. SAR of powerful heterocyclic compounds can also be generated using molecular docking simulations, as reported in literature.

Conclusion: Heterocycles have a wide range of applications, from natural compounds to synthesised derivatives with powerful anticancer properties. To avoid cytotoxicity or unfavourable effects on normal mammalian cells due to a lack of selectivity towards the target site, as well as to reduce the occurrence of drug resistance, safer anticancer lead compounds with higher potency and lower cytotoxicity are needed. This review emphasizes on design and development of heterocyclic lead compounds with promising anticancer potential.

Background: Müllerian anomalies are congenital defects of female reproductive tract resulting from faulty development and fusion of Müllerian ducts. Objectives: To identify common Müllerian anomalies, their presentation, radiological appearances, complications, associated renal anomalies in rural women of Northern India.

Methods: Present observational study was conducted on 181 female patients with suspected Müllerian anomalies presenting to the outpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with various complaints. Data included age, religion, menarche, previous pregnancy if any, duration of infertility, presenting complaints, type of Müllerian anomaly, incidental or symptomatic, diagnostic method, associated anomalies. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 22.0 version software.

Results: Of 181 patients, 16.5% were adolescents, 83.5% adult women with an overall mean (SD) age of 25.02 (5.96) years. Of these, 170 had true Müllerian-duct anomalies and 11 had defects other than Müllerian anomalies, hence excluded. Total 158 (92.9%) patients were symptomatic and 12 (7.1%) asymptomatic at presentation. The majority (75.9%) were diagnosed incidentally during their visit to the department for various complaints of which infertility (32.4%) was most common. Septate uterus (29.4%) was most common anomaly diagnosed followed by Müllerian agenesis/hypoplasia (22.9%). Around 11.2% of cases had associated renal and collecting system anomalies with unilateral renal agenesis (47.4%) being most common.

Conclusion: Hence, Müllerian-duct anomalies have diverse presentations and most of them are diagnosed incidentally. The exact prevalence of Müllerian-duct anomalies may be high, especially in rural India, due to lack of knowledge and societal pressures.

Objective: Several selective or non-selective inhibitors of the PDE subtypes are used clinically, i.e. sildenafil, rolipram, cysteine, etc. Recently, interest in plant-based pharmacologically bioactive compounds having potent PDEs inhibitory potential has increased. Purposely, extensive research has been carried out on natural products to explore new inhibitors of various PDEs. Therefore, this review summarizes the published data on natural PDEs inhibitors and their potential therapeutic applications.

Methods: For this purpose, natural compounds with PDE inhibitory potential have been surveyed through several databases, including PubMed, Web of Sciences (WoS), Scopus, and Google Scholar.

Results: According to a detailed literature survey, the most promising class of herbal compounds with PDE-inhibiting property has been found to belong to phenolics, including flavonoids (luteolin, kaempferol, icariin, etc.). Many other encouraging inhibitors from plants have also been identified, such as coumarins (23, 24) (licoarylcoumarin and glycocoumarin,), saponins (agapanthussaponins), lignans (31, 33) [(±)-schizandrin and kobusin], terpenes (28, 29, 31) (perianradulcin A, quinovic acid, and ursolic acid), anthraquinones (18, 19) (emodin and chrysophanol), and alkaloids (Sanjoinine-D) (36).

Conclusion: In this review, studies have revealed the PDE-inhibitory potential of natural plant extracts and their bioactive constituents in treating various diseases; however, further clinical studies comprising synergistic use of different therapies (synthetic & natural) to acquire multi-targeted results might also be a promising option.]]> https://www.benthamscience.comarticle/119128 https://www.benthamscience.comarticle/114485 Objectives: This work aims to highlight important medicinal plants for the treatment of the transient symptoms of menopause, with less side effects than traditional hormone replacement therapy.

Conclusion: There is sufficient information regarding the efficacy and safety for the use of the following plant species in the treatment of transient symptoms of menopause: Actaea racemosa, Glycine max, Trifolium pratense, Salvia officinalis, Humulus lupulus, Panax ginseng, Vitex agnus-- castus, and Trigonella foenum-graecum. Additionally, the search indicated the chemical classes related to the benefits of the selected species, adverse effects, and interactions with other drugs.]]>