Objective: In this comprehensive review, we have elaborated on the pathophysiology, and various signaling pathways linked with Sarcopenia. Also, discussed the preclinical models and current interventional therapeutics to treat muscle wasting in older patients.

Conclusion: In a nutshell, a comprehensive description of the pathophysiology, mechanisms, animal models, and interventions of Sarcopenia. We also shed light on pharmacotherapeutics present in clinical trials which are being developed as potential therapeutic options for wasting diseases. Thus, this review could fill in the knowledge gaps regarding Sarcopenia-related muscle loss and muscle quality for both researchers and clinicians.

Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups (n=8). Intraperitoneal injections of chrysin (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg for 45 days) and CPF (10 mg/kg for 45 days) gavage were performed. Present findings indicated that the serum levels of glucose, total cholesterol, and lowdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol, as well as body weight, were increased in the CPF-exposed group.

Results: It was also found that CPF decreased superoxide dismutase activity as well as increased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels in the pancreatic tissue of exposed animals. Histopathological examination also confirmed the toxic effects of CPF on pancreatic tissue as mostly evidenced by infiltration of inflammatory cells and necrosis. CH (50 mg/kg) decreased blood glucose concentration (p < 0.05), TG (p < 0.05), and LDL-C in CPF-exposed animals. CH decreased the pancreas levels of MDA in all treated CPF-exposed groups versus the non-treated CPF-exposed group (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). A significant difference was not seen in the NO and MDA levels and SOD activity between CH-treated (50 mg/kg) animals exposed to CPF and controls. A significant difference was not seen in the NO and MDA levels and SOD activity between CHtreated (50 mg/kg) animals exposed to CPF and controls.

Conclusion: A significant difference was not seen in the NO and MDA levels and SOD activity between CH-treated (50 mg/kg) animals exposed to CPF and controls. In conclusion, CH could prevent initiate and progress of CPF-induced metabolic impairment by modulating oxidative stress in pancreatic tissue as a target organ of organophosphorus pesticides.

Background: GBM is the most malignant primary brain cancer with a poor prognosis. Previous studies have suggested that GBM vessels undergo dynamic remodeling modulated by tumor vasodilation and vasoconstriction instead of tumor angiogenesis.

Objective: Here, we have first investigated the expression and function of UTS2, a potent vasoconstrictor, in GBM.

Methods: The mRNA expression profiles and clinical information of GBM patients were obtained from the TCGA database. The clinical relevance of UTS2 was explored by the Mann-Whitney U test and Cox hazard regression survival test. We further explored the role of UTS2 in GBM cell proliferation, migration, and tumor immune microenvironment. Moreover, we established the in vivo mice model to validate its oncogenic effects on GBM progression.

Results: Although we did not find significant correlations between UTS2 expression and patients’ clinical characteristics, UTS2 was identified as a valid independent prognostic indicator according to multivariate survival analysis. Knockdown of UTS2 resulted in decreased GBM cell proliferation and migration. In addition, functional enrichment analysis implied UTS2 to be involved in the regulation of the immune microenvironment. In vivo studies showed that UTS2 knockdown suppressed GBM xenograft growth, highlighting the tumor-promoting effects of UTS2 on GBM.

Conclusion: Our study identified that UTS2 could predict the prognosis of GBM patients and provided evidence regarding its oncogenic effects both in vitro and in vivo.

Objective: This study aims to assess the impact of breath training on the quality of chest magnetic resonance imaging obtained during free-breathing sequences.

Methods: A total of 68 patients with lung lesions, such as nodules or masses detected via Computed Tomography (CT) examination, were prospectively gathered. They were then randomly divided into two groups: an observation group and a control group. Standard preparation was performed for all patients in both groups before the examination. The observation group underwent 30 minutes of breath training prior to the MRI examination additionally, followed by the acquisition of MRI free-breathing sequence images. The signal intensity (SI) and standard deviation (SD) of the lesion and adjacent normal lung tissue were measured, and the image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast signal-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the lesion were calculated for objective image quality evaluation. The subjective image quality of the two groups of images was also evaluated using a 5-point method.

Results: MRI examinations were completed in both groups. Significantly better subjective image quality (edge and internal structure clarity, vascular clarity, breathing and cardiac artifacts, and overall image quality) was achieved in the observation group compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, higher SNR and CNR values for disease lesions were observed in the observation group compared to the control group (t=4.35, P<0.05; t=5.35, P<0.05).

Conclusion: It is concluded that the image quality of free-breathing sequences MRI can be improved through breath training before examination.

Case Report: A 44-year-old patient presented to the emergency room with an extensive axillary mass as the first manifestation. Conventional evaluation of the breast with mammography and ultrasound was unremarkable. However, a breast MRI confirmed the presence of conglomerate axillary nodes. A supplementary whole-body PET-CT established the axillary conglomerate with a malignant behaviour with SUVmax of 19.3. The primary tumour was not detected in the breast tissue of the patient, confirming the diagnosis of OBC. Immunohistochemical results showed positive receptors for estrogen and progesterone.

Conclusion: Although OBC is a rare diagnosis, its existence is a possibility in a patient with breast cancer. Mammography and breast ultrasound with unremarkable findings but with high clinical suspicion should be supplemented with additional imaging methods, such as MRI and PET-CT, emphasizing the appropriate pre-treatment evaluation.

Objective: To explore the influencing factors of repeatability and reliability in IVIM-DWI parameters of ROI-based liver segments in participants with HF and healthy volunteers (HV) and to assess the diagnostic efficiency of these parameters in HF.

Methods: Participants with early HF (EHF, n=59) or advanced HF (AHF, n=38) and HV (n=48) were recruited. Two examiners measured IVIM data using mono-, bi-exponential and stretched exponential models. The results and influencing factors of repeatability and reliability of IVIM-DWI, and the diagnostic efficiency were analyzed.

Results: The repeatability of D* (CV: 26.62–41.47%) and DDC (CV: 18.01–34.40%) was poor, the repeatability of ADC (CV: 4.95–9.76%), D (CV: 7.09–15.52%), f (CV: 9.35–17.15%), and α (CV: 7.48–13.81%) was better; ordered logistic regression showed statistically significant results of IVIM-derived parameters; the reliability showed no obvious trend, and ordered logistic regression showed statistically significant results of IVIMderived parameters, groups, and partial hepatic segments (all p<0.001). IVIM-derived parameters with relatively good repeatability (CV<20%) and reliability (ICC>0.4) were used to establish regression models for differential diagnosis. The AUC of regression models was 0.744–0.783 (EHF vs. AHF), but no statistically significant parameters were found in the HV vs EHF comparison.

Conclusion: IVIM-derived parameters were the most important factors affecting the repeatability and reliability, while staging of HF and hepatic segments may be the influencing factors of reliability. IVIM-derived parameters showed medium diagnostic efficiency in distinguishing between EHF and AHF.

Methods: Dose length product total (tDLPs), volumetric CT dose index (CTDI_vol), size-specific dose estimate (SSDE), effective dose (E), and scan acquisition parameters for a total of 216 adult patients, who underwent an enhanced CT abdomen and pelvis exams over a one-year period, were obtained and retrospectively analyzed. Spearman coefficient and one-way ANOVA tests were used to check significant differences between dose metrics and the different CT protocols.

Results: The data exhibited 9 different CT protocols to acquire an enhanced CT abdomen and pelvis exam at our institute. Out of these, 4 were found more common, i.e., CT protocols were acquired for a minimum of 10 cases. Triphasic liver demonstrated the highest mean and median tDLPs across all 4 CT protocols. Triphasic liver protocol registered the highest E followed by gastric sleeve protocol with a mean of 28.7 and 24.7 mSv, respectively. Significant differences (p < 0.0001) were found between the tDLPs of anatomical location and the CT protocol.

Conclusion: Evidently, wide variability exists across CT dose indices and patient dose metrics relying on anatomical-based dose baseline, i.e., DRLs. Patient dose optimizations require establishing dose baselines based on CT protocols rather than the anatomical location.

Methods: In this study, we proposed a new model called Blend U-Net, which incorporates nested structures, redesigned long and short skip connections, and deep supervisions. The nested structures and the long and short skip connections combined characteristic information of different levels from feature maps in all scales, while the deep supervision learning hierarchical representations from all-scale concatenated feature maps. Additionally, we employed a mixed loss function to obtain more accurate results.

Results: We evaluated the performance of the Blend U-Net against other architectures on the publicly available Lung Image Database Consortium and Image Database Resource Initiative (LIDC-IDRI) dataset. Moreover, the accuracy of the segmentation was verified by using the dice coefficient. Blend U-Net with a boost of 0.83 points produced the best outcome in a number of baselines.

Conclusion: Based on the results, our method achieves superior performance in terms of dice coefficient compared to other methods and demonstrates greater proficiency in segmenting lung nodules of varying sizes.

Objective: The objective of this study is to interpret the radiological findings of GCL and address the differential diagnosis between GCL and other lymphatic malformations in light of the relevant literature data.

Methods: The sample of this retrospective study consisted of six pediatric patients, four males and two females, diagnosed with GCL based on clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings between 2015 and 2022. The age of the patients at the time of diagnosis and their symptoms at admission were obtained from the hospital database. Radiological imaging findings were evaluated in detail based on the involved systems (thorax, abdomen, and musculoskeletal).

Results: The median age of the sample, 4/6 were male, was 9 years at admission (min. 3, max. 12). The most common symptom at admission was dyspnea, often accompanied by pleural effusion. Bone involvement was the most common extrathoracic finding. Abdominal involvement was primarily asymptomatic, and the spleen was the most frequently involved organ in the abdomen.

Conclusion: The diagnosis of GCL is challenging because of its rarity and overlapping diseases. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging is a valuable tool as it reveals the typical radiological features of GCL and how far it has spread throughout the body.

Methods: Clinical data of patients with AP complicated by PE treated in Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province between January 2017 and September 2022 were retrospectively collected. Combined with the relevant literature, the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognoses of patients with AP combined with PE were analyzed and summarized.

Results: Five patients were eventually enrolled in this study. Among the five patients with AP complicated by PE, all (100%) had symptoms of malaise, primarily chest tightness, shortness of breath, and dyspnea. All patients (100%) had varied degrees of elevated D-dimer levels and a significant decrease in the pressure of partial oxygen (PO2) and pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspired oxygen concentration ratio (PaO2/FiO2). Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) or pulmonary ventilation/perfusion imaging revealed a pulmonary artery filling defect in these patients. One patient (20%) had left calf muscular venous thrombosis before the occurrence of PE. Four patients (80%) were treated with lowmolecular- weight heparin (LMWH), and one patient (20%) was treated with rivaroxaban during hospitalization; all continued oral anticoagulant therapy after discharge. All patients (100%) were cured and discharged. No patients showed recurrence of AP or PE.

Conclusion: PE is a rare but life-threatening complication of AP. However, once diagnosed, early treatment with anticoagulation or radiological interventional procedures is effective, and the prognosis is good.

Core Tips: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a rare but life-threatening complication of acute pancreatitis (AP). Its early diagnosis and timely anticoagulation or radiological intervention can reduce mortality. However, only nine cases have been reported in the English literature thus far, and they are all case reports. Our study is the first systematic analysis of patients with AP combined with PE with a review of the relevant literature. Our patients and those reported in the literature were discharged with good prognoses under treatment such as anticoagulation and vascular intervention. These cases remind clinicians that, in patients with AP, especially those with risk factors for venous thrombosis, it is necessary to monitor the D-dimer level dynamically. Clinicians should pay attention to AP patients' symptoms and related examinations to reduce the chance of a missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis of PE.

Methods: The preprocessing techniques (smoothing, edge detection, filtering) and segmentation techniques (watershed) are applied to the online data set. The transfer learning technique is used as a classifier whose performance is measured in terms of classification accuracy. Resnet 50, Inception V3VGG16, and VGG19 models are used as classification algorithms. The proposed model is validated using different machine learning techniques considering hybrid features.

Results: 96% accuracy was obtained employing the Inception V3 model & 95% accuracy was attained using hybrid GLDS and GLCM features employing Support Vector Machine algorithm while 93% was attained using Probabilistic Neural Network and k Nearest Neighbor techniques.

Conclusion: Computer-aided systems gave much faster and more accurate results than image processing techniques.1.0% accuracy improvement was observed while using Inception V3 over GLDS + GLCM + SVM and 2.1% accuracy improvement using GLDS + GLCM + SVM over GLDS + GLCM + kNN.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the ultrasonic characteristics of fetal SBO and determine the optimal cutoff value for intestinal diameter to enhance prenatal ultrasound diagnosis.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the ultrasonic characteristics and postpartum data of 76 cases diagnosed with SBO. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to identify the optimal cutoff value for dilated intestinal diameter.

Results: Among the 76 cases, 31 displayed the “double bubble sign” on ultrasound, with 20 cases identified as annular pancreas, 6 as duodenal atresia, and 5 as duodenal membranous stenosis. In 45 cases, the lesions were located in the jejunal or ileal segment and exhibited intestinal dilatation above the lesion site, including 27 cases of small bowel atresia, 7 cases of membranous jejunal stenosis, and 11 cases of small bowel volvulus. Out of the 76 cases, 9 showed no abnormalities after birth. ROC curve analysis determined optimal cutoff values of 17.5mm and 10.5mm for predicting “double bubble sign” lesions in the gastric and duodenal widths. For predicting small intestinal dilatation, the optimal cutoff values for dilated width and length of the intestinal tube were 11.5mm and 21.5mm, respectively, with high sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusion: Ultrasonic imaging and changes in intestinal diameter provide valuable information for prenatal diagnosis and management of SBO. Establishing these cutoff values can improve the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis for SBO.

Case Presentation: A 19-year-old woman after induction of labor because of severe malformation presented with abdominopelvic mass, laboratory tests revealed significantly elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level and elevated carbohydrate antigen 125 level. Abdomino-pelvic CT showed a cysticsolid mass of 82×152×167mm arising from the right ovary with abundant intratumoral vessels and intense enhancement in the solid part. Further evaluation of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT imaging showed significantly increased ¹⁸FDG uptake (SUVmax7.7) by the solid component of the ovarian mass and slight ¹⁸FDG-avid perihepatic effusion. The mass was resected and was confirmed to be the right OYST, After four courses of chemotherapy, the patient was followed up by PET/CT and had a complete metabolic response.

Discussion: ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT is a useful imaging modality for diagnosis and evaluation of OYST.

Objective: The objective of this study is to present hepatic metastasis of GIST and GEP-NET with Diffusion weighted MR imaging(DWI) and the Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) values of masses.

Methods: 18 GIST patients and 8 GEP-NET patients were examined retrospectively. 11 males and 6 females were present in GIST group, 7 males to 5 females were involved in GEP-NET group. 18 primary GIST and 10 hepatic metastasis of GIST, 8 original GEP-NET and 19 hepatic metastasis of GEP-NET; total 55 GIST and GEP-NET masses were analysed by ADC mapping. MR images were acquired by 1,5 T MR units (32 mT/min gradient strength- Achieva; Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands and 32 channel GE Signa GE-Wisconsin-USA); by using a 4-8 channel standard phased-array torso XL coil, all images were evaluated by an Abdominal MRI experienced radiologist. DWI was performed in the transverse plane by using spin-echo-planar imaging sequence.

Results: No statistical differences were observed between GIST and GEP-NET patients according to age and gender variations. No significant statistical differences were observed according to the diameters and ADC values of GIST and GEP-NET patients. A significant statistical difference was observed between GIST and GEP-NET groups in terms of size of liver metastasis which was significantly higher in GIST patients. All three groups (GIST_Hep. MET, GEP-NET_Liver_Met and normal) were statistically differed according to ADC values. With the ROC curve analysis: Hepatic metastasis of GIST(n=10) and normal liver (n:47) had cut-off value for ADC: 0.925 under AUC: 0.939 with regard to ADC values and regarded 89.4% Sensitivity, 100% Specificity, 100% PPV and 66.7% PPV. ROC curve of GEP NET_ Hepatic metastasis (n=19) group and normal liver (n:47) group presented cut-off value for ADC: 0.860 under AUC: 0.967 correlated to ADC values with 93.6% sensitivity, 89.5% specificity, 95.7% PPV and 85% PPV.

Conclusion: High cellular tumors resulted from liver metastasis of GIST and GEP-NET’s, and a positive correlation was observed between ADC values and cellularity/differentiation ratios of metastatic masses.

Objective: This paper covers the general roadmap of the bioprinting process, different kinds of bioinks, and available bioprinters. The paper also includes designing the anatomical structure, which is the first phase of the bioprinting process, and how AI has facilitated this entire process of 3D printing in healthcare and associated applications like medical modelling and disease modelling.

Methods: The process of 3D bioprinting involves meticulous structure designing of the anatomical structure under study, which forms the base of the entire bioprinting process. One of the significant applications of 3D printing in healthcare is Medical Modelling and Disease Modelling, which requires the detection of disease in anatomy and its delineation from the rest of anatomy for meticulous creation of ROI using sophisticated segmentation software(s) for the construction of 3D models of diseased anatomy and healthy anatomical surroundings.

Conclusion: The study concluded that bioprinting is the future of the worldwide organ transplantation crisis. Anatomical accuracy is an important aspect that must be considered while producing 3D models. The reproduction of patient-specific 3D models requires human rights and ethics approval under four principles of ethics in healthcare: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice.

Objective: To assess the role of Diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI) in evaluating the immediate therapeutic response of HIFU treatment for uterine fibroids in comparison with CE.

Methods: 68 patients with 74 uterine fibroids receiving HIFU treatment were enrolled, and immediate treatment response was assessed using post-surgical DWI images. Semi-quantitative ordinal ablation quality grading and quantitative nonperfusion volume (NPV) measurement based on DWI and CE imaging were determined by two experienced radiologists. Agreement of ablation quality grading between DWI and CE was assessed using the weighted kappa coefficient, while intraobserver, interobserver and interprotocol agreements of NPV measurements within and between DWI and CE were evaluated using the intraclass correlation (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis.

Results: Grading of immediate HIFU treatment response showed a moderate agreement between DWI and CE (weighted kappa = 0.446, p < 0.001). NPV measured in 65 fibroids with DWI of Grade 3~5 showed very high ICCs for the intraobserver and interobserver agreement within DWI and CE (all ICC > 0.980, p < 0.001) and also for the interprotocol agreement between DWI and CE (ICC = 0.976, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: DWI could provide satisfactory ablation quality grading, and reliable NPV quantification results to assess immediate therapeutic responses of HIFU treatment for uterine fibroids in most cases, which suggests that non-contrast enhanced DWI might be potentially used as a more costeffective and convenient method in a large proportion of patients for this task replacing CE imaging.

Case Presentation: A 73-year-old woman was presented with a right breast lesion found on mammography screening, which revealed a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor by histopathological analysis with a tru-cut biopsy. Subsequently, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT imaging performed for the initial evaluation showed increased radiotracer uptake in the lesion in the right breast as well as the nodular lesion in the middle lobe of the right lung, which was histologically confirmed to be AC.

Conclusion: Metastasis of uncommon AC of the lung to the breast is extremely rare. However, it is essential to properly differentiate metastatic tumors from primary disease due to differences in clinical management and prognosis, and ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT is a unique diagnostic tool with the advantage of whole-body imaging.

Case Presentation: A 64-year-old female presented with a huge thyroid mass resulting in compressive myelopathy and was diagnosed as CCV-PTC, not anaplastic carcinoma. After multidisciplinary discussions, we decided to proceed with otolaryngological, thoracic, and orthopaedic surgery. All tumours were unresectable, and we planned to proceed with R2 resection to resolve the gait disturbance and anterior fusion to resolve spinal instability.

Conclusion: Advanced-stage thyroid cancer is relatively uncommon, but desirable treatment effects can be expected through accurate pathological diagnosis. Immunohistochemical staining and tissue-specific markers can be helpful.

Case Report: A 24-year-old male patient applied to the general surgery department with the complaint of long-standing abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting after meals, and 8-10 kg weight loss in 1 month. Three-phase dynamic abdominopelvic CT showed that the 1st and the 2nd segments of the duodenum were dilated. At this level, a peripherally intensely contrasted heterogeneous mass lesion, 91x70x46 mm in size, was observed. There was oral contrast and air values in the center of the mass. A fistulized mass connected with the duodenal wall was considered in the differential diagnosis. In the surgical exploration, a soft, vascularized mass fistulized to the 2nd segment of the duodenum was observed. Pathological diagnosis was reported as GIST.

Conclusion: GISTs arise from the precursors of Cajal Interstitial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Contrast-enhanced CT is the preferred diagnostic method for staging, risk stratification, and follow-up. We presented a young case with a giant duodenal GIST and discussed differential diagnosis and some diagnostic properties.

Objective: The objective of this research was to present a deep learning-based approach that can detect knee joint regions in medical images. By addressing the limitations of traditional methods, the aim was to develop a more efficient and automated approach for knee joint analysis.

Methods: The proposed method utilizes the Faster R-CNN model, which consists of a region proposal network (RPN) and Fast R-CNN. The RPN generates region proposals that potentially contain knee joint regions, while the Fast R-CNN network categorizes and extracts features from these proposals. To train the model, a dataset of knee joint images was employed. The performance of the model was evaluated using metrics, such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and mean IoU (Intersection Over Union).

Results: The results demonstrated the high accuracy of the proposed method in detecting knee joint regions. The model achieved a mean IoU of 94.5, indicating a strong overlap between the predicted and ground truth regions. These findings highlight the potential of deep learning-based approaches in automating medical image analysis, specifically in the diagnosis and management of knee joint disorders.

Conclusion: This study emphasizes the significance of leveraging advanced technologies, such as deep learning, in medical imaging. By developing more efficient and accurate methods for identifying knee joint regions in medical images, it becomes feasible to enhance patient outcomes and healthcare delivery. The proposed deep learning-based approach showcases promising results, paving the way for further advancements in the field of medical image analysis and contributing to improved diagnostic capabilities for knee joint disorders.

Case Presentation: We report a case of a 63-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain. Abdominal CT Angio and dynamic contrast-enhanced abdominal MRI revealed a mass lesion showing markedly contrast enhancement, no vascular invasion sign, and diffusion restriction lesion in the truncus coelicus bifurcation region. The mass was surgically resected completely. Pathological evaluation showed a hyaline-vascular type of Castleman’s disease.

Conclusion: Castleman's disease should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of an isolated intra-abdominal mass.

Case Report: A 52-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with the diagnosis of an incidental right renal mass. On contrast-enhanced abdominal CT revealed a mass reaching approximately 8 cm in diameter in the right kidney located in the middle pole. On contrast-enhanced thorax, CT showed a metastatic lesion in the left main bronchus bifurcation. The patient underwent an open radical nephrectomy with the diagnosis of an oligometastatic right renal mass. His pathology was reported as clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The patient was referred to the medical oncology clinic for immunotherapy. The metastatic lesion in the lung completely regressed in the follow-up of the patient who was started on Chek point inhibitors. However, he was referred to our clinic after an incidental metachronous mass was detected in the contralateral left adrenal in FDG PET/CT (SUVmax: 6.7) in 1st year. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was performed to reevaluate and for mass characterization, and a 4 cm mass was observed in the left contralateral adrenal. Laparoscopic metastasectomy was performed for the left adrenal mass. No recurrence or adrenal insufficiency developed in the 6-month follow-up after discharge.

Conclusion: Transperitoneal adrenalectomy is a minimally invasive method that can be safely performed in metastatic adrenal masses. Although contralateral adrenal metastasis is rare in ccRCC, it should be kept in mind that adrenal metastasis may develop in the late period in patients with a history of renal cancer.

Introduction: There are different modalities used for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, such as Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Multiparametric-MRI (Mp-MRI), Radiomics and Radio-genomics. Although these modalities gave remarkable results in diagnosis on the basis of different criteria. CT is the most commonly used modality that produces detailed and fine contrast images of internal organs of the body. However, it may also contain a certain amount of gaussian and rician noise that is necessary to be preprocessed before segmentation of the required region of interest (ROI) from the images and classification of cancer.

Methods: This paper analyzes different methodologies used for the complete diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, including the denoising, segmentation and classification, along with the challenges and future scope for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Results: Various filters are used for denoising and image smoothening and filters as gaussian scale mixture process, non-local means, median filter, adaptive filter and average filter have been used more for better results.

Conclusion: In terms of segmentation, atlas based region-growing method proved to give better results as compared to the state of the art whereas, for the classification, deep learning approaches outperformed other methodologies to classify the images as cancerous and non- cancerous. These methodologies have proved that CAD systems have become a better solution to the ongoing research proposals for the detection of pancreatic cancer worldwide.

Methods: Between May 2021 and January 2022, 397 patients with COVID-19 were included in this retrospective cohort study. All demographic, clinical and laboratory data and chest CT images of patients were retrospectively reviewed. RM-S, V-CAC-S, HS-S, PS-S and C-CT-SS scores were calculated, and their performance in predicting mortality and ICU requirement were evaluated by univariate and multivariable analyses.

Results: A total of 32 (8.1%) patients died, and 77 (19.4%) patients required ICU admission. Mortality and ICU admission were both associated with older age (p < 0.001). Sex distribution was similar in the deceased vs. survivor and ICU vs. non-ICU comparisons (p = 0.974 and p = 0.626, respectively). Multiple logistic regression revealed that mortality was independently associated with having a C-CT-SS score of ≥ 14 (p < 0.001) and severe RM-S category (p = 0.010), while ICU requirement was independently associated with having a C-CT-SS score of ≥ 14 (p < 0.001) and severe V-CAC-S category (p = 0.010).

Conclusion: RM-S, C-CT-SS, and V-CAC-S are useful tools that can be used to predict patients with poor prognoses for COVID-19. Long-term prospective follow-up of patients with high RM-S scores can be useful for predicting long COVID.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 184 adult patients with 192 intussusceptions. Depending on the location, intussusceptions were classified as enteric, ileocolic, and colonic types. The similarities and differences of clinical presentations, MDCT features, and treatment of three types of adult intussusception were compared. Meanwhile, the three types of intussusceptions were further divided into surgical and conservative groups based on the treatment. Uni- and multivariate logistic analyses were used to identify risk factors for intussusception requiring surgery.

Results: Enteric and ileocolic intussusceptions were mainly presented with abdominal pain (78.46% and 85.71%). Hematochezia/melena (64.29%) was the main symptom of colonic intussusception. On MDCT, ileocolic intussusceptions were longer in length and had more signs of intestinal necrosis (hypodense layer, fluid collection and no/poor bowel wall enhancement) than enteric and colonic intussusceptions. Moreover, it was found that 93.88% (46/49) of ileocolic intussusception and 98.59% (70/71) of colonic intussusception belonged to the surgical group, whereas only 43.06% (31/72) of enteric intussusception belonged to the surgical group. Intussusception length (OR=1.171, P=0.028) and discernible lead point on MDCT (OR=21.003, P<0.001) were reliable indicators of enteric intussusception requiring surgery.

Conclusion: Ileocolic intussusception may be more prone to intestinal necrosis than enteric and colonic intussusceptions, requiring more attention from clinicians. Surgery remains the treatment of choice for most ileocolic and colonic intussusceptions. Less than half of enteric intussusceptions require surgery, and MDCT features are effective in identifying them.

Methods: 57 patients with pathologically confirmed invasive BC (non-special type) who had lumpy BC on MRI within one week before surgery were retrospectively collected in the study. Stroma distributions were classified according to their characteristics in the pathological sections. The stromal distribution patterns among molecular subtypes were compared with the MRI manifestations of BC with different stroma distribution types (SDTs).

Results: SDTs were significantly different and depended on the BC hormone receptor (HR) (P<0.001). There were also significant differences among five SDTs on T2WI, ADC map, internal delayed enhanced features (IDEF), marginal delayed enhanced features (MDEF), and time signal intensity (TSI) curves. Spiculated margin and the absence of type-I TSI were independent predictors for BC with star grid type stroma. The appearance frequency of hypo-intensity on T2WI in HR- BCs was significantly lower (P=0.043) than in HR+ BCs. Star grid stroma and spiculated margin were key factors in predicting HR+ BCs, and the AUC was 0.927 (95% CI: 0.867-0.987).

Conclusion: Breast MRI can be used to predict BC's stromal distribution and molecular subtypes.

Methods: The patients with solid renal mass histopathological diagnosed after excision or tru-cat biopsy who underwent a preoperative ARFI elastography of the lesion during a 4-year period were included in this study. Preoperative shear wave velocity (SWV) values were measured in all the lesions. SWV results of RCCs and oncocytomas were compared by an independent t-test, and cut-off, sensitivity and specificity values were calculated.

Results: Forty-two of the 60 patients included in the study were men (70%) and, 18 were women (30%), and the mean age was 59.7 ± 14 (27-94) years. Among 46 RCCs (76.6%), 23 and 14 oncocytomas, 5 (23.4%) were located in the right kidney (p:0.34722). Mean SWV values were found to be significantly higher in RCCs (2.87± 0.74 (0.96-4.14) m/s) than oncocytomas (1.83 ± 0.78 (0.80-3.76) m/s) (p <0.001). In the ROC analysis, a cutoff value of 2.29 m/s was found to havean 80.4% sensitivity and a 78.6% specificity for the discrimination of RCCs from oncocytomas.

Conclusion: ARFI elastography measurements may be useful in distinguishing RCC and oncocytomas that may have similar solid radiological imaging features.

Case Presentation: We report an adult patient (less than 25 years old) of HPVG combined with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, in which massive gas in the hepatic portal vein system by computed tomography of the abdomen was rapidly dissipated by nasogastric decompression conservative management.

Conclusion: Nasogastric decompression can be an effective treatment approach for HPVG when timely surgical treatment is not required.

Objective: This review aimed to briefly discuss pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for treating ALI.

Methods: Nowadays, drug delivery and illness diagnosis are the most advanced areas of modern nanotechnology research, particularly concerning the lungs. So, we focused on various novel approaches, viz., organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and bio nanoparticles, that combat ALI and improve lung functions. This review discussed many studies and the advancement of different nanomaterials as novel drug carriers in the lungs that can influence the immune system, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and improving lung functions.

Results: Another aspect of studying nanotechnology is the release kinetics of nanoparticles and safety when administered to a targeted tissue.

Conclusion: The higher uptake of nanomaterials and, thus, the drugs is another advancement in nanotechnology. Herein, we explored different approaches to improving and curing acute lung injury.

Morphology : They contain a solid matrix at room temperature and are thought to be superior to many other conventional lipids-based nanocarriers, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanoemulsions, and liposomes because of their improved stability, drug loading capacity, good biocompatibility, enhanced permeability, bioavailability, extended half-life, fewer side effects, tissue- specific delivery and wide range of potential applications.

Significance : NLCs have multiple applications in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics due to their ease of preparation, the feasibility of scale-up, non-toxic, improved targeting efficiency and potential for site-specific delivery via various routes of administration.

Scope of Review: This review enlightens about the most recent developments of NLCs as a drug delivery system, types of NLCs, current techniques to prepare NLCs, and characterization techniques that are essential for the development of safe, effective and stable formulation. It also encompasses the potential of using NLCs for various administration routes and recent developments in pharmaceutical applications with successful outcomes.

Conclusion: This review certainly provide great insight into formulation considerations using design experts and modification strategies for improved targeting. On the whole, NLCs are broadly explored and preferred lipid nanocarrier systems with several advantages.

Objective: The main objective of this review-type paper is to provide a detailed overview of PCOS along with the current concept of a clinical stance in this complex multigenic disorder.

Method : The following databases were used for literature searches: PubMed, Frontiers, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley, and MDPI. For the purpose of finding pertinent articles and contents, the keywords “PCOS; hirsutism; psychological burden; obesity” and others of a similar nature were utilized.

Conclusion: PCOS is a complicated hormonal, metabolic, and psychological condition with many different clinical manifestations. It is among the most prevalent causes of infertility. Before considering any medication choices, lifestyle modifications should be considered the primary therapeutic prescription for PCOS-related infertility. According to recent studies, PCOS does not affect the risk of ovarian or breast cancer, but it does raise the risk of endometrial cancer in women of all ages. These results suggest that PCOS may increase the risk of gynaecological cancer morbidity. The following stage is ovulation stimulation, which is best accomplished with letrozole and is followed by clomiphene citrate. Women who had not responded to the first-line oral ovulatory medicine were given gonadotropins as a backup. Early detection of girls with a high propensity to develop PCOS will be made possible by a comprehensive knowledge of the condition's etiology. Adolescent PCOS will be better managed overall, related comorbidities will be prevented, and quality of life will increase with customized therapeutic approaches.

Objective: This study aimed to review the possible effects of Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances exposure and their mechanism in overweight/obese children from pregnant ladies.

Methods: A detailed literature survey was conducted using online databases, including Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane, and PubMed. The study focused on the diverse effects of PFAS on maternal and child health, with particular emphasis on neurological complications.

Results: Child growth development depends upon breastfeeding and placenta health, which is disrupted by PFAS exposure, ultimately destroying the body mass index of the child. Neurotoxicity testing utilized the SH-SY5Y human-derived cell line as an in vitro model, revealing PFAS-induced increases in adipocyte number, reduced cell size, altered lipid conglomeration, increased adiposity, and changes in liver function. in vivo studies in mice and human cell lines indicated PPAR-γ and ER-α activation, leading to adiposity and weight gain through Estrogen signaling and Lipid metabolism. PFAS concentrations positively correlated in maternal sera, analyzed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry.

Conclusion: PFAS, with a long half-life of 3.5-8.5 years, is commonly found in the serum of pregnant women, crossing the placenta barrier. This exposure disrupts placental homeostasis, negatively impacting mechanisms of action and potentially leading to deterioration in pregnancy and child health. Further research is needed to comprehensively understand the complex interplay between PFAS exposure and its implications for maternal and child well-being.

Objective: Here, we give a comprehensive overview of this quickly developing theranostic application that includes all relevant imaging, diagnostic, therapeutic, and monitoring elements for the management of diabetes and diabetes neuropathy.

Methods: The data for the current study was gathered by searching PubMed and Google Scholar. Several research and review publications from various publishers, including Springer Nature, Bentham Science, PLOS one, MDPI, and ACS Publishing Centre, were evaluated to compile the data.

Result: Recent developments in theranostics have shown promise as alternate management approaches for diabetes and ailments linked to diabetes. Numerous nanotechnology-built biosensors, including multiwalled carbon nanotubes, copper nanowires, zinc oxide tetrapods, and nanoparticle- embedded contact lenses, offer benefits in monitoring diabetic neuropathy.

Conclusion: The potency, usability, and dependability of insulin substitutes have been demonstrated by a variety of innovative methods for the management of diabetes, which includes nanotechnology approaches using Gene-Based Nanoparticles (siRNA), Liposomes, Exosomes/ Extracellular Vesicles, Neuromodulation, and Inhalable Nanoparticles. Over the past few years, the development of various theranostic nanoparticles for Diabetic neuropathy has experienced an unprecedented expansion. Even though much work needs to be done to precisely evaluate the genuine benefits provided by these particles, such as issues with nanotoxicity, theranostic nanoparticles will have a significant impact on the field of nanomedicine.

Objective: The study aimed to develop and evaluate baicalein-loaded aquasomes for improving solubility and comparing their antidiabetic properties to acarbose through in silico docking.

Methods: Baicalein-loaded aquasomes were prepared through a three-step process: core preparation, lactose coating, and drug loading. The evaluation included assessing particle size, drug-excipient interactions, drug entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, in vitro drug release, and the kinetics of drug release. In silico docking and in vitro α-amylase inhibition activity was evaluated to assess the anti-diabetic potential of baicalein.

Results: The baicalein-loaded aquasomes were spherical with sizes ranging from 300-400 nm. FTIR analysis indicated no interaction between the components. The formulation exhibited drug entrapment efficiency of 94.04±0 4.01% and drug loading of 17.60 ± 01.03%. Drug release study showed sustained and complete (97.30 ± 02.06%) release, following first-order kinetics. Docking analysis revealed comparable binding affinity to acarbose, while the α-amylase inhibition assay showed greater inhibition potential of the aquasomes compared to the baicalein solution.

Conclusion: Aquasomes offer an alternative approach to conventional delivery methods. The selfassembling characteristics of aquasomes greatly simplify their preparation process, adding to their appeal as a drug delivery system.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to relate the consumption of probiotic bacteria and its effects on inflammatory diseases, including obesity, type II diabetes and celiac disease.

Methods: A search was carried out in English, between the years 2011 and 2022, for research articles and clinical trials with humans and in vivo studies. Research showed improvement in cardiovascular risk markers, and improvement in insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and plasma atherogenic index, in obesity with the use of probiotics. In type II diabetes, decreased levels of fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin and glycemic index, and increased levels of peptide 1, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were observed.

Results: In addition to cellular protection of the islets of Langerhans and positive alteration of TNF- α and IL-1β markers. Improvement in the condition of patients with celiac disease was observed, since the neutralization of the imbalance in serotonin levels was observed, reducing the expression of genes of interest and also, a decrease in cytokines.

Conclusion: Therefore, the use of probiotics should be encouraged.

Objective: This review aims to summarize recent advances in the development of treatment strategies for FRDA, with a focus on potential drug candidates and their mechanisms of action.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using various authentic scientific databases to identify studies published in the last decade that investigated potential treatment strategies for FRDA. The search terms used included “Friedreich's ataxia”, “treatment”, “drug candidates”, and “mechanisms of action”.

Results: To date, only one drug got approval from US-FDA in the year 2023; however, significant developments were achieved in FRDA-related research focusing on diverse therapeutic interventions that could potentially alleviate the symptoms of this disease. Several promising drug candidates have been identified for the treatment of FRDA, which target various aspects of frataxin deficiency and aim to restore frataxin levels, reduce oxidative stress, and improve mitochondrial function. Clinical trials have shown varying degrees of success, with some drugs demonstrating significant improvements in neurological function and quality of life in FRDA patients.

Conclusion: While there has been significant progress in the development of treatment strategies for FRDA, further research is needed to optimize these approaches and identify the most effective and safe treatment options for patients. The integration of multiple therapeutic strategies may be necessary to achieve the best outcomes in FRDA management.

Methods: Based on the PRISMA guideline, we performed a systematic search for the identification of all relevant studies in various electronic databases up to June 2022. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the obtained articles (n=59) were screened and 13 eligible articles were finally included in the present study.

Results: The findings of in-vitro experiments showed that cisplatin treatment significantly reduced the auditory cell viability in comparison with the control group; nevertheless, the alpha-lipoic acid co-administration protected the cells against the reduction of cell viability induced by cisplatin treatment. Moreover, the in-vivo results of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) tests revealed a decrease in DPOAE and an increase in ABR threshold of cisplatin-injected animals; however, it was shown that alpha-lipoic acid co-treatment had an opposite pattern on the evaluated parameters. Other findings demonstrated that cisplatin treatment could significantly induce the biochemical and histopathological alterations in inner ear cells/tissue; in contrast, alpha-lipoic acid co-treatment ameliorated the cisplatin-mediated biochemical and histological changes.

Conclusion: The findings of audiometry, biochemical parameters, and histological evaluation showed that alpha-lipoic acid co-administration alleviates the cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. The protective role of alpha-lipoic acid against the cisplatin-induced ototoxicity can be due to different mechanisms of anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory activities, and regulation of cell cycle progression.

Objective: Based on a literature review, we propose the PaSTe regimen (Pantoprazole, Simvastatin, Trimetazidine) as a metabolic therapy for prostate cancer. Pantoprazole and simvastatin inhibit the enzymes fatty acid synthase (FASN) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), therefore, blocking the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, respectively. In contrast, trimetazidine inhibits the enzyme 3-β-Ketoacyl- CoA thiolase (3-KAT), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of fatty acids (FAO). It is known that the pharmacological or genetic depletion of any of these enzymes has antitumor effects in prostatic cancer.

Results: Based on this information, we hypothesize that the PaSTe regimen will have increased antitumor effects and may impede the metabolic reprogramming shift. Existing knowledge shows that enzyme inhibition occurs at molar concentrations achieved in plasma at standard doses of these drugs.

Conclusion: We conclude that this regimen deserves to be preclinically evaluated because of its clinical potential for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Poor patient compliance and adherence are major issues with the conventional line of therapy. This burden may be more significant in resource-constrained settings, necessitating the creation of simple formulations that are both geriatric and child-friendly. An extensive literature survey has been conducted in this study using databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, and Research Gate, with a focus on specific research works on oro-dispersible films, tablets, and wafer technology loaded with anti-tuberculosis drugs from 2022 to 2010.

Mouth dissolving formulation technology is a very novel approach in the arena of tuberculosis therapy. This may pave the way for future researchers to develop different mouth dissolving formulations to treat both pulmonary and extra-tuberculosis. This review paper has summarized all the formulation approaches alongside the present state of the art in tuberculosis therapy using mouth dissolving formulations.

Objectives: This work examines the potential applications of organoid technology, as well as the challenges and future directions associated with its implementation. It aims to emphasize the pivotal role of organoids in disease modeling, drug discovery, developmental biology, precision medicine, and fundamental research.

Methods: The manuscript was put together by conducting a comprehensive literature review, which involved an in-depth evaluation of globally renowned scientific research databases.

Results: The field of organoids has generated significant attention due to its potential applications in tissue development and disease modelling, as well as its implications for personalised medicine, drug screening, and cell-based therapies. The utilisation of organoids has proven to be effective in the examination of various conditions, encompassing genetic disorders, cancer, neurodevelopmental disorders, and infectious diseases.

Conclusion: The exploration of the wider uses of organoids is still in its early phases. Research shall be conducted to integrate 3D organoid systems as alternatives for current models, potentially improving both fundamental and clinical studies in the future.

Objective: In this study, a tumor-targeting LIV-1 VHH-mutIL2 immunocytokine with reduced CD25 (α chain of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor) binding activity was developed to improve IL-2 half-life by decreasing its renal infiltration in comparison with wild and mutant IL-2 molecules.

Methods: The recombinant immunocytokine was designed and expressed. The biological activity of the purified fusion protein was investigated in in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Results: The fusion protein represented specific binding to MCF7 (the breast cancer cell line) and more efficient cytotoxicity than wild-type IL-2 and mutant IL-2. The PK parameters of the recombinant immunocytokine were also improved in comparison to the IL-2 molecules.

Conclusion: The observed results showed that LIV1-mIL2 immunocytokine could be considered as an effective agent in the LIV-1-targeted treatment of cancers due to its longer half-life and stronger cytotoxicity.

Methods: Using the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas), the GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) dataset, and multiple bioinformatic tools, we investigated the function of PRSS27 in 33 tumor types. In addition, prognosis analysis of PRSS27 in breast cancer was carried out, as well as in vitro experiments to verify its role as an oncogene. We first explored the expression of PRSS27 in over 10 tumors and then we looked into PRSS27 genomic mutations.

Results: We discovered that PRSS27 has prognostic significance in breast cancer and other cancers' survival, and we developed a breast cancer prognostic prediction model by combining a defined set of clinical factors. Besides, we confirmed PRSS27 as an oncogene in breast cancer using some primary in vitro experiments.

Conclusion: Our pan-cancer survey has comprehensively reviewed the oncogenic function of PRSS27 in various human malignancies, suggesting that it may be a promising prognostic biomarker and tumor therapeutic target in breast cancer.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on the internet, using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, to identify peer-reviewed publications about solid organ transplants, HLA typing, and CDC crossmatching.

Conclusion: Recent advances in HLA typing have allowed for high-resolution evaluation, epitope matching, and personalized therapy methods. Genomic profiling, next-generation sequencing, and artificial intelligence have improved HLA typing precision, resulting in better patient outcomes. Artificial intelligence (AI) driven virtual crossmatching and predictive algorithms have eliminated the requirement for physical crossmatching in the context of CDC crossmatching, boosting organ allocation and transplant efficiency. This review elaborates on the importance of HLA typing and CDC crossmatching in solid organ transplantation.

Exosomes, which are responsible for intercellular communication with sizes ranging from 30-120 nm, are naturally produced biological nanoparticles. Thanks to the cargo contents they carry, they are a potential biomarker to be used in the diagnosis of cancer. Exosomes, defined as extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, are effective in cancer growth, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance, and changes in microenvironmental conditions during tumor development change exosome secretion. Due to their high cellular activity, tumor cells produce much higher exosomes than healthy cells. Therefore, it is known that the number of exosomes in body fluids is significantly rich compared to other cells and can act as a stand-alone diagnostic biomarker. Cancer- derived exosomes have received great attention in recent years for the early detection of cancer and the evaluation of therapeutic response.

In this article, the content, properties, and differences of exosomes detected in common types of cancer (lung, liver, pancreas, ovaries, breast, colorectal), which are the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, are reviewed. We also discuss the potential utility of exosome contents as a biomarker for early detection, which is known to be important in targeted cancer therapy.