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                    <title><![CDATA[Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma]]></title>

                    <link>https://www.benthamscience.com</link>

                    <description>

                    RSS Feed for Disease Wise Article | BenthamScience

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                    <generator>EurekaSelect (+http://eurekaselect.com)</generator>

                    <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 16:10:51 +0000</pubDate>

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                    <title><![CDATA[Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma]]></title>

                    <url>https://www.benthamscience.com</url>

                    <link>https://www.benthamscience.com</link>

                    </image><item><title><![CDATA[Impact of Venous Thromboembolism on Cancer Survival]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/14920</link><description><![CDATA[Incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is more common in cancer patients compared to non-cancer patients. Various factors that influence the incidence of VTE are patient population, duration of follow-up, patient-related factors, type and stage of tumor, chemotherapy agent or the treatment modality used, presence of central venous catheters, detection methods, and reporting. Mortality is increased by various factors such as delay or withdrawal of chemotherapy treatment, directly VTE-related complications like pulmonary embolism. Development of VTE within 2 years was found to be a significant risk factor for increased mortality and the rate was high among patients with localized disease. For the prevention of VTE in patients with cancer LMWH is given increased consideration, specifically Dalteparin [26, 27]. Further studies are necessary to determine the effectiveness of thromboprophylaxis in the reduction of mortality or thromboembolic complications in these high-risk populations.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Comorbid Diseases and COVID-19: COPD, Smoking, Obesity, Diabetes, Cancer, and Kidney Failure]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/14894</link><description><![CDATA[COVID-19 can cause disease in almost all ages and all groups. However, those with comorbid diseases are at high risk in terms of the progression of the disease, deterioration such as hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU), mechanical ventilation requirement, and the risk of death. Smoking, COPD, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cancer, kidney and liver failure, and obesity have been directly associated with death rates other than advanced age and male gender. Patients with comorbid diseases are older people (mean age 60 y vs. 45 y), presented with shortness of breath more commonly , have more severe COVID-19 (30% vs. 10%), which directly impacts the clinical course, morbidity, and mortality.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[A mean value type inequality for quasinearly subharmonic functions]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/14878</link><description><![CDATA[Basing our proof on an old argument of Domar, we generalize and improve Armitage’s and Gardiner’s previous subharmonic function inequality result. Our result is stated for quasinearly subharmonic functions, it is rather general and, at the same time, flexible. Indeed, with the aid of it we will in the next two sections improve both Domar’s and our previous domination condition results of subharmonic functions, and also Armitage’s and Gardiner’s, and our results on the subharmonicity of separately subharmonic functions.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Liposomes: The New Developments in Topical Drug Delivery]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/14869</link><description><![CDATA[Liposomes are spherical vesicular systems composed of lipid bilayers. Among the various novel drug delivery systems, it has been found that the liposomes follow an advanced technology for the delivery of drugs to the target site. In the present era, there are various liposomal formulations which are in clinical use. Due to the extensive efforts of the researchers, there has been tremendous progress in liposomal technology, i.e., from, conventional vesicles to the 2nd generation liposomes. The current review article deals with the materials involved in the preparation of liposomes, techniques for preparation, characterization studies and application of liposomes for drug delivery.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Pathologies of the Peritoneum, Mesentery and Diaphragm]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/14846</link><description><![CDATA[Pathologies of the peritoneum, mesentery and diaphragm are uncommon, making their diagnosis more challenging. We present the main issues in diagnosis and treatment. Peritonitis represents acute inflammation of the peritoneum that can be caused by perforation, inflammation or gangrene of an intra- or retroperitoneal structure. The most frequently encountered peritoneal tumours are metastases originating in gastrointestinal, ovarian, lung, pancreatic and breast adenocarcinomas. Lymphomas can primarily or secondary affect the peritoneum. There are two main categories of diseases affecting the mesentery: diseases that start from the mesentery (which can also affect neighbouring organs) and diseases that originate in neighbouring organs. The most encountered hernias of the diaphragm are those occurring through the oesophageal hiatus, but there can also be congenital hernias (oesophageal, Morgagni and Bochdalek) or through post-traumatic defects. As in all other organs, primary diaphragmatic tumours can be classified as benign (cyst and lipomas) or malignant (rhabdomyosarcoma and fibrosarcoma), with other types of primary tumours than those aforementioned being very rarely seen.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Primary Cell Culture and T-cell Cloning - Fundamental of Adoptive T-cell Immunotherapy]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/14228</link><description><![CDATA[Tumor-associated antigen (TAA) or tumor-specific antigen (TSA) is essential for the target of tumor-specific T-cells such as tumor-infiltrating T cells (TIL), specific T-cells, TCR T-cells and CAR-T-cells for adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. The tumor cells often accumulate hundreds of mutations and harbor several immunogenic neoantigens, and thus, the repertoire of mutation or neoantigen from patient tumor cells might need the screen to uncover for engineering these T-cells. To understand the Tcell screening and determining tumor antigen-based on primary tumor cells from an individual patient, this chapter, we focus on streamlining the process of ex vivo T-cell culture and primary tumor cell culture, T-cell cloning for tumor neoantigen-specific T cells, allowing the patient to the benefit of downstream T-cell targets. Because T-cell engineering cultures are very important methods for TIL, TCR and CAR T-cells, moreover, because using primary tumor cells isolation and cultures is very important for screening and identifying tumor antigen of patients, we first introduce primary cell culture techniques, including those developed from two-dimensional (2-D) tumor cell cultures, three-dimensional (3-D) tumor cell culture and multiple dimensional tumor cell culture (4-D cultures). These methodologies are increasingly supporting clinical oncologists to apply to tumor therapeutic agents and Ag targets for patients in the clinical laboratory. Besides, we also conclude some growth factors for T-cell cloning cultures. The chapter aims to present a foundation to adoptive T cell immunotherapy of clinical patients.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Molecular Screening and Neoantigen Cloning- Fundamental of Adoptive T-cell Immunotherapy]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/14227</link><description><![CDATA[Specific T-cells, TCR T-cells, and CAR-T-cells require to establish some techniques of molecular biology to support them, including screening tumor-associated antigen (TAA)/tumor specific antigen (TSA) and mutant proteins/peptides; constructing an expression system; packaging an expression vector. The molecular biology technique is a very important performance in targeting neoantigens for tumorspecific T-cells of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. Since tumor cells often accumulate hundreds of mutations and harbor several immunogenic neoantigens, the repertoire of mutant protein or neoantigen from patient tumor cells might need to screen and discover the antigens for engineering specific T-cells, TCR T-cells, and CAR T-cells. In order to understand the procedures for T-cell adoptive immunotherapy based on molecular biology techniques for mutant proteins and neoantigens from an individual patient, in this chapter, we focus on streamlining of screening tumor antigens (TAA or TSA) and mutant proteins (proteins or peptides), constructing an expression and packaging system with the expression. Moreover, because the three T-cells are distinct from development and clinical application, we first introduce their research and Development (R&D). These methodologies are increasingly supporting clinical oncologists to apply to T-cell immunotherapy. The chapter aims to present fundamental of molecular biology for adoptive T-cell immunotherapy of clinical patients.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Environmental and Human Health Issues in Campania Region Italy]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/14148</link><description><![CDATA[Waste generation rates continue to grow around the world, creating a need for more comprehensive waste management strategies to meet sustainability needs. Uncontrolled disposal generates complex and challenging situation that involves the entire population. In particular, the illegal dumping and burning of toxic waste in Campania (Italy) has caused immense environmental damage and an increase in cancer rate among the population. Different epidemiological studies were commissioned by the Ministry of Health to assess the magnitude of contamination under an illegal dump in Campania and to evaluate the population health impact. The data and other available evidence testify the dramatic situation in Caserta and Naples provinces about the severe impairment of the environmental conditions in several places and increase of cancer incidence. For this reason, the Campania region is known, such as Triangle of Death” and “Land of Fires” (LoF) (or Terra dei fuochi-TdF), as reported both in academic publications and the national press. This chapter is aimed to provide the findings regarding human health and environmental contamination in this region.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Plant Based Bioactive Compounds as an Alternative for Cancer Therapy]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/13178</link><description><![CDATA[Medicinal Plants have been known to be one of the oldest and most consistent sources for the production of novel drugs. Utilization of plant extracts as drugs can be attributed to their chemical and structural diversity along with their ability to interact with different biological targets in the cell. Moreover, they act as huge reservoirs for the phytochemicals which provide defense against a number of diseases. Cost effectiveness along with lesser adverse effects, allowed natural plants to be used as an alternative to conventional strategies for cancer treatment. Extracts from different natural plants have also been explored in the treatment of infectious diseases. The present chapter emphasizes on the use of plant extracts and their purified compound as cancer therapeutics. Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. Owing to several limitations of current treatment regimens of cancer, the attention of researchers has been drawn towards exploration of natural sources. Herein, we will focus majorly on bioactive compounds as therapeutic agents for cancer treatment with emphasis on their other possible beneficiary roles.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Subject Index]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/12038</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Pediatric Hematological Malignancies – Clinical Manifestation, Treatment and Follow-Up]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/12035</link><description><![CDATA[Hematological malignancies are the forms of cancer that begin in the cells of the blood- forming tissue, such as the bone marrow. Childhood blood cancers are relatively rare but are still found to be the major cause of death in children aged 1-14. Early detection increases the chances of successful treatment which paves the way to reduce the rate of mortality. Leukemias and lymphomas account for more than one half of new cancer cases in children. Despite major advances – from an overall survival rate of 10 percent to nearly 90 percent today, for many rare cancers, the survival rate is much lower. Enhancement of anti-leukemic efficacy and reduction of treatment related morbidity or mortality can be achieved by targeted therapy, but requires detailed understanding of pathways and genetic defects involved in leukemogenesis.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Role of Immunomodulatory Drugs in the Treatment of Lymphoid and Myeloid Malignancies]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/12034</link><description><![CDATA[Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) or cereblon (CRBN) binding drugs such as thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide have similar structures and mechanism of action. Lenalidomide (CC5013, Revlimid®) was approved by the US FDA and the EMA for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, low or intermediate-1 risk transfusion-dependent myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with chromosome 5q deletion [del(5q)] and relapsed and/or refractory mantle cell lymphoma following bortezomib. Lenalidomide has also been studied in clinical trials and has shown promising activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Lenalidomide has anti-inflammatory effects and inhibits angiogenesis. Pomalidomide (CC4047, Imnovid® [EU], Pomalyst® [USA]) has been recently approved by the US FDA and the EMA for patients with relapsed or refractory MM who have received at least two prior therapies, including lenalidomide and bortezomib. Cereblon seems to have an important role in IMiDs action in both lymphoid and myeloid hematological malignancies and has been identified as a direct molecular target for anti-neoplastic activities of IMiDs. Lenalidomide binds to cereblon (CRBN) which acts as the substrate receptor of a cullin-4 really interesting new gene (RING) E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4CRBN. This E3 ubiquitin ligase in the absence of lenalidomide ubiquitinates CRBN itself and the other component of CRL4CRBN complex, DNA damage binding protein 1 (DDB1) but in the presence of lenalidomide it changes its specificity and ubiquitinates two transcription factors, IKZF1 (Ikaros) and IKZF3 (Aiolos), and casein kinase 1α (CK1α) and degrades them in proteasomes. Both these transcription factors IKZF1 and IKZF3 are important for the viability of MM cells. IKZF1 induces transcription from interferon regulatory factor 4 gene (IRF4) promoter and from MYC gene promoter in B cells. IKZF1/3 repress the interleukin 2 gene (IL-2) promoter in T cells. In such a way, a decline in IKZF1/3 levels explains how IMiDs stimulate the immune system and degrade B cell function. Low CRBN expression correspond with drug resistance in MM cells. CK1α is a serine/threonine kinase and the CK1α gene (CSNK1A1) is located on 5q32 in commonly deleted region (CDR) in del(5q) MDS. Inhibition of CK1α sensitizes del(5q) MDS cells to lenalidomide. CK1α mediates also the survival of malignant plasma cells in MM. Though, the inhibition of CK1α is a potential novel therapy not only in del(5q) MDS but also in MM. High level of full length CRBN mRNA in mononuclear cells of bone marrow and of peripheral blood seems to be necessary for successful lenalidomide treatment of del(5q) MDS. Bone marrow aspirates of MDS patients who responded to lenalidomide showed before treatment decreased expression of the set of genes needed for erythroid differentiation. Lenalidomide seemed to overcome differentiation block in non-del(5q) low risk MDS patients with decreased expression of these genes compared to the non-responders but this suggestion was not confirmed.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Predicting Land Use and Land Cover Changes for Landscape Planning: An Integration of Markov Chains and Cellular Automata Using GIS]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/12019</link><description><![CDATA[The spatial dynamics of landscapes are the consequence of a multiplicity of relations among physical, biological and social forces. So, it is essential the assessment of the driving forces related to Land Use and Land Cover changes (LULC) to understand the change process. The stochastic modeling technique in Geographical Information System (GIS) - Markov Chain (MC) analysis and Cellular Automata (CA) allows the predictions of future changes based on changes that have occurred in the past. This chapter aims to present a dynamic simulation model for LULC changes in ‘Sado Estuary’ and ‘Comporta-Galé’ Natura 2000 Sites (Portugal) for the beginning of the second half of the XXI century by using MC and CA. Regarding the quantification of the fragmentation processes and LULC changes in ‘Sado Estuary’ and ‘Comporta- Galé’ Natura 2000 Sites, these models are able to reveal non-obvious trends in the data and to describe ecological patterns. From an applied research point of view, this approach is useful to identifying adequate planning and management strategies for coastal ecosystems, for monitoring and planning natural and protected environments.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Basic Aspects of Dental Radiographic Images]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/11993</link><description><![CDATA[Anatomical study of skull and face bones is complex and is important in understanding these structures to obtain correct radiographic projections, radiographic findings and interpretation of these images. Modern diagnostic image offers a wide range of methods and techniques, allowing us to study the function and craniofacial morphology in detail, regardless of projection. X-rays emerge as a diverging cone beam from the source and the image produced is composed of multiple superimposed structures.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Solving Fractional Diffusion Equation by Wavelet Methods]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/11980</link><description><![CDATA[The wavelet numerical methods for solving the classic differential equations have been well developed, but their application in solving fractional differential equations is still in its infancy. In this chapter we tentatively investigate the advantages of the spline wavelet basis functions in solving the fractional PDEs. Our contributions are as follows: 1. the techniques of efficiently generating stiffness matrix with computational cost ]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Mature Theory Unification and the Objectivity of Scientific Knowledge]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/11944</link><description><![CDATA[Multifarious arguments pro et contra convergent realism are scrutinized. It is exhibited that to overcome the troubles of convergent realism one has to turn from classical or ‘metaphysical’ realism to non-classical or ‘internal’ one, grounded on Kantian epistemology, and to the so-called ‘coherent theory of truth’. Internal realism has no unassailable problems in grappling with the problem of empirically-equivalent theoretical descriptions and historical meta-induction problem, but obtains the quandary of objectivity of scientific knowledge instead. One of the ways out is proposed by the scientific knowledge growth model elaborated by Rinat Nugayev and by Peter Galison. Any paradigm is a local viewpoint that springs out of the culture into which its creator was submerged. However, an encounter of different paradigms leads to their interaction and intertwinement and, as a result; the crossbred theoretical objects are carefully constructed. Via their systems, the interpenetration of one paradigm into the other one takes place. To elucidate the proposed model of the growth of knowledge, the inter-theoretical context of the Copernican revolution is scrutinized.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Clinical Trials for Deriving Bioactive Compounds from Marine Invertebrates]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/11936</link><description><![CDATA[Natural products have been the greatest source of novel medicines currently used in the treatment of several human diseases. In past decades, a notable quantity of natural molecules has been obtained from several marine sources. The huge biodiversity existing in the marine environment, from among which marine invertebrates stand out as a major contributors to the discovery of new molecules, has encouraged investigators from all over the world to identify new marine natural compounds with therapeutic potential. With the discovery of cytarabine and vidarabine in 1974 promising natural products isolated from marine invertebrates became part of the pharmacopeia used in human therapeutic. In 2004, ziconotide was approved for moderate to severe pain treatment and in 2007, trabectedin received European approval to treat patients with soft tissue sarcoma, and finally in 2009 it was approved for treatment of ovarian carcinoma. The largely unexplored marine world harbors a great biodiversity and provides a unique and rich source of natural products with interesting pharmaceutical activities and potential therapeutic applications. In this context, this chapter focuses on the marine invertebrates and reviews marine natural products that are currently being assessed in clinical trials and provides a glimpse of these compounds potential to expand the pharmacopeia in the treatment of diverse human diseases.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Myocardial Ischemia, Myocardial Infarction]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/5291</link><description><![CDATA[In this chapter, we address the basic notions of myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction. Cardiac ischemia changes the electrical activity and the genesis of the action potential and of the resting potential. It can be divided into 3 forms; ischemia, lesion and necrosis. Modification of the QRS complex, the ST segment and T wave is observed. Ischemia is a biochemically reversible anomaly. Moreover, it is mainly ionic, notably potassium disturbances which underlie ST and T wave changes. Lesion is a more severe form of cardiac ischemia but is still reversible, with interstitial oedema and biochemical disturbances. Essentially, it is the ST segment, which is modified, in that it becomes displaced from the isoelectric baseline. The ST segment vector is determined in the same manner as that of the QRS complex: it allows for better localization of the site of the stenosis or obstruction of the culprit artey. The more leads exhibit ST changes, the bigger the territory at risk. A sum total of ST depression or elevation greater than 12 mm in the different leads implies widespread ischemia. The most severe stage of cardiac ischemia is necrosis since there is cellular death with cessation of electrical activity. Neither the action potential nor the resting membrane potential exists anymore and the conduction capability has ceased. The start of depolarisation (QRS) is modified with the apparition of an \"electrical hole\" (Q waves), which could progress as far as the total disappearance of the positive forces (R waves) and a QS morphology; the necrosis is transmural affecting therefore the full thickness of the myocardium. Acute coronary syndrome includes STEMI and non-STEMI. STEMI (ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction) is the acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation and non-STEMI is associated with other ST segment changes (negative T waves or ST segment depression) but not ST segment elevation. Electrocardiographically, the electrical changes recorded in the different territories differ according to the coronary artery involved. There is a good correlation between the ischemic zone and the coronary artery affected. Ischemia is recorded by the electrode \"exploring\" the territory implicated. Involvement of the right coronary artery gives rise to inferior wall ischemia and this is characterized on the ECG as changes in leads II, III and aVF. Involvement of the left coronary artery gives rise to anterior wall ischemia and this is characterized on the ECG as changes in precordial leads.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[miRNAs in Myocardial Infarction]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/3226</link><description><![CDATA[The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview on the role of miRNAs in myocardial ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion injury and ischemic preconditioning. Myocardial ischemia due to occlusion of coronary arteries constitutes the major cause of mortality and morbidity of humans worldwide by causing an array of injuries. Timely myocardial reperfusion remains the most effective treatment strategy for reducing myocardial infarct size, preventing left ventricular remodelling, preserving left ventricular systolic function and improving clinical outcomes. However, the full benefits of myocardial reperfusion are not realized, given that the actual process of reperfusing ischemic myocardium can independently induce myocardial injury. On the other hand, heart has endogenous cardioprotective capability against myocardial/reperfusion injury, called ischemic preconditioning. Recent studies indicate that miRNAs are implicated in all these different aspects of myocardial ischemia. This chapter describes the role of miR-1 and mR-133 in myocardial ischemia, miR-21, miR-29 and miR-320 in ischemia/reperfusion injury, and miR-21 and miR-199a in preconditioning.]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Hematological Neoplasia and Angiogenesis: A Review]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/161</link><description><![CDATA[Angiogenesis, a term applied to the formation of capillaries from preexisting vessels is a crucial phenomenon for the continuous growth of neoplastic cells and cancer progression. This relationship has been described in several hematologic malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes. Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor are predictors of poor prognosis in leukemia and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Furthermore, microvessel density is correlated with decreased survival in leukemia, myeloma and lymphoma patients. This review addresses evidence of the role of angiogenesis in hematopoietic malignancies.]]></description> </item></channel></rss>