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                    <title><![CDATA[Melanoma]]></title>

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                    RSS Feed for Disease Wise Article | BenthamScience

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                    <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 08:29:35 +0000</pubDate>

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                    <title><![CDATA[Melanoma]]></title>

                    <url>https://www.benthamscience.com</url>

                    <link>https://www.benthamscience.com</link>

                    </image><item><title><![CDATA[Preface]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/23582</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Endophytes as an Alternative Source for Anticancer Agents]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/22135</link><description><![CDATA[The world faces new challenges every decade in the form of calamities, pandemics, and deadly diseases. The increase in the population and limited resources has led the human race towards many ailments that are incurable, but the potency of the human brain and in collusion with natural resources can reveal the remedy to many diseases. Cancer is one of the major reasons for mortality at present, which is a global challenge. The search for new anticancer drugs is a necessity of the present day. Researchers are urged to explore alternative and new potent sources of anticancer drugs. Natural sources include plant products or some plant-derived bioactive compounds. Endophytes manifest as an acceptable source of bioactive compounds of medicinal value. Endophytes are microorganisms present asymptomatically inside the plant parts. These are known to produce several metabolites with antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancerous activity. Some major metabolites include taxol, alkaloids, camptothecin, chromones, etc. These produced metabolites can also be manipulated for the production of novel chemotherapeutic agents. The incessant need for these anticancer drugs has escalated the search for novel natural compounds. The present chapter attempts to summarize different endophytic metabolites that serve as an alternative source for an ailment of the deadly cancer disease.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Plant as Potential Resources for Efficacious Essential Oils: Underpinning Aromatherapy Evolution]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/22099</link><description><![CDATA[The basis of healthcare has been medicinal plants from the dawn of humanity. For over 4000 years, people have carefully documented and passed down through generations the various ways in which these have been utilized. The Indian Vedic literature, which dates to roughly 2000 BC, contains a list of around 700 compounds. Cinnamon, spikenard, ginger, myrrh, coriander, and sandalwood are a few of these. Since ancient times, aromatic plant parts and oils have been used for their therapeutic and culinary characteristics, as well as to produce incense, perfumes, cosmetics, and for incense sticks. Ritual use was widespread in early cultures, where it served both sacred and therapeutic objectives that were intricately intertwined. Since prehistoric times, plant essential oils have been utilized in foods, aromatherapy, perfumes, cosmetics, spices, and alimentation. They have also been applied in other medical procedures and phytotherapy. In the current era of pharmaceutical science, interest in herbal medicines has grown relative to conventional or synthetic treatments because they are more affordable, more widely accepted, compatible with human physiology, and have fewer adverse effects. The medicinal properties and applications of an expanding number of emerging essential oils have been researched and documented by pharmacists. The interest in analysing their bioactivity has progressed owing to their widespread use, particularly the recently investigated antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects. The traditional Indian or Ayurvedic system of medicine, as well as other ecumenical customary systems, would be transformed if plant predicated knowledge were to be incorporated. The uses of numerous plants for therapeutic, medical, aesthetic, psychological, olfactory, massage, aromatherapy, and other associated issues are examined in this chapter.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[<i>In Vitro</i> Propagation and Secondary Metabolite Production from <i>Withania Somnifera</i> (L.) Dunal]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21924</link><description><![CDATA[Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, commonly known as ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, is an important medicinal plant that belongs to the family Solanaceae. Ashwagandha has been used from time immemorial in different systems of medicine and extensively used in the Indian system of medicine, and there is discussion of this plant in different ayurvedic scripts like Charaka samhita, Ashtanga sangraha, etc. The plant is extensively used for anti-aging and general well-being, and also has anti-cancer potential. Ashwagandha is also known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other therapeutic activities. In the recent days of Covid-19, the plant has been extensively used as an immunostimulant. The plant has great potential for its raw materials, especially for the extraction of bioactive molecules like withanolide-A, withaferin-A, withasomniferin, withanone, etc. The conventional mode of propagation could not meet the required commercial demand for either the pharmaceutical industries or the traditional practitioners. The conventional method of obtaining biomass is influenced by a large number of environmental factors, where biomass quality and quantity of bioactive molecules have shown variation. To overcome this, biotechnological approaches such as plant tissue culture techniques have been established for large-scale cultivation using micropropagation and also other techniques like a callus and cell suspension culture, shoot culture, adventitious root culture, and hairy root culture have been extensively used for in vitro production of bioactive molecules from ashwagandha. With the advent of metabolic engineering, biosynthetic pathway editing has made it possible to obtain higher yields of desired metabolites. The present chapter focuses on the in vitro propagation, biosynthesis of withanolides, and tissue culture strategies for obtaining high biomass and metabolites. The chapter also focuses on different elicitation strategies, metabolic engineering approaches, and the development of elite germplasms for improved metabolite content. The chapter also identifies research lacunas that need to be addressed for the sustainable production of important bioactive molecules from ashwagandha.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Inflammasomes, Inflammation and Neuropathic Pain]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21918</link><description><![CDATA[Inflammasomes such as NOD-like receptor protein 1 (NLRP1), NLRP3, NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) are the primary mediators of inflammation and its associated neuropathic pain. These inflammasomes are activated leading to various autoimmune &amp; metabolic disorders, cancer, and other inflammatory diseases. The activation of inflammasomes occurs due to molecular alterations like mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, lysosomal damage, oxidative stress, sensitization, and disinhibition, which lead to proinflammatory pathways causing inflammasome-related neuropathic pain. Among these inflammasomes, NLRP3 has been widely studied and proven to be the key player in the development of neuropathy. In this chapter, we have summarized the role of inflammasome and how NLRP3 is involved in neuropathic pain. Therefore, based on the facts available, it has been suggested that focusing on inflammasome activity may be a cutting-edge and successful treatment approach for neuropathic pain.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[The NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Target for Antiinflammatory Drugs]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21916</link><description><![CDATA[The Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a vital role in the nonspecific immune response to inflammatory triggers such as cellular infections, injury, or stressors, and it has also been associated with several inflammation-related diseases. NLRP3 inflammasome activation results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, contributing to an increased risk of inflammatory conditions, such as cardiovascular, metabolic, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases. Several signaling pathways and cellular events involved in the NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation have been studied, and inhibitory mechanisms have been identified. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition decreases inflammation and inflammasome-mediated cell death. In prospecting for novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics, signaling molecules upstream or downstream on the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway can serve as viable drug targets. Effective inhibition of these molecules culminates in the downregulation of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-18. This chapter elucidates the various classes of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, their resultant anti-inflammatory effects, and various mechanisms of action. <br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Mechanism of NLRP3 Activation, Associated Cardiovascular Complications and Update on its Inhibitors Acting as Cardioprotective Agents]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21914</link><description><![CDATA[Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are a major healthcare issue worldwide and are accountable for significant mortality and morbidity. Despite advancements in cellular, molecular, physiological and pathological understanding, a comprehensive understanding of CVDs is still lacking. Hence, a better understanding of pathological changes is needed to develop a potential cardioprotective agent. In recent times, NLRP3 inflammasome has been extensively studied in various disease conditions, including CVDs. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome has been found to be positively correlated with various CVDs, such as hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, cardiac fibrosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, etc. Moreover, a number of NLRP3 inflammasome activators have been explored for their role in CVDs, and the outcomes of these studies are found to be promising. Therefore, in the present manuscript, we have discussed the structural component of NLRP3 inflammasome, its molecular mechanism of activation, and the outcome of various NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors in CVDs. We found that NLRP3 inflammasome is an indispensable player of pathogenesis in CVDs, and thus, targeting this inflammasome can be an effective approach for managing and treating these diseases.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Modulatory Mechanism of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Heart Diseases: “An Enigma Wrapped in a Riddle”]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21912</link><description><![CDATA[Despite breakthroughs in therapy over the prior two decades, heart failure is considered the foremost cause of mortality globally. The inflammasome plays a pivotal role in the advancement of heart failure, abdominal aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis, diabetic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac remodeling and calcific aortic valve disease. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a crucial multi-protein signaling platform that tightly regulates inflammatory responses. It regulates antimicrobial host defense, which causes pyroptosis through caspase-1 activation by the eventual production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The investigation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in various cardiovascular diseases may reveal critical disease triggers and endogenous modulators, leading to the development of new therapeutic interventions in the future. The target of this chapter is to summarise the recent literature describing the activation mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome by implicating different inflammatory pathways in the pathophysiology of heart failure.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Therapeutic Scope and Application of Mushroom-Derived Pharmacoactives in Enhancing Health]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21846</link><description><![CDATA[In the present era, the notion that “prevention is better than cure” has gained impetus with increased incidences of infectious and degenerative lifestyle diseases. Recent years have seen many people choosing functional food such as probiotics, plant-based nutritional supplements, and their normal dietary needs. Studies have shown significant health benefits in using these nutraceuticals as they aid in the body's general well-being. Among food varieties, edible mushrooms have also become a functional dietary food. It has been used as a source of nutrition in many parts of the world. Oriental medicine has been using mushrooms as a component in various medicinal concoctions for several decades. Today, with the advent of scientific knowhow, around 2,000 edible mushrooms have been identified; among them, 700 possess bioactive compounds. Both In vitro and In vivo studies have shown immunomodulatory effects via the regulation of innate, complement-mediated, and adaptive immunity by enhancing the active mechanisms of immune systems such as the macrophages, IL, TNF-α, IFN-γ, NO, and the complement system. The possibility of modulating these immune system players by the bioactives may pave the way to side-effect-free anticancer and immunosuppressant drugs. Recent studies have also elucidated the neuroprotective effect induced by mushroom-derived compounds through ROS scavenging and antioxidant activity. This chapter highlights the recent findings and the importance of these mushroom-derived compounds and their anti-inflammatory, anticancerous antioxidant, and immunomodulatory roles.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Quality by Design in Pharmaceutical Development: Current Advances and Future Prospects]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21795</link><description><![CDATA[QbD, or Quality by Design, is a cutting-edge methodology adopted extensively in the pharmaceutical industry. It is defined objects, such as the product's safety and effectiveness. QbD's primary focus in the pharmaceutical industry is ensuring the product's security and usefulness. Quality by Design (QbD) seeks to instill high standards of excellence in the blueprinting process. The International Council for Harmonization (ICH) has developed guidelines and elements that must be adhered to guarantee the consistent, high-quality development of pharmaceuticals. This chapter provides updated guidelines and elements, including quality risk management, pharmaceutical quality systems, QbD in analytical methods and pharmaceutical manufacturing, process control, vaccine development, pharmacogenomic, green synthesis, etc. QbD was briefly defined, and several design tools, regulatory-industry perspectives, and QbD grounded on science were discussed. It was portrayed that significant effort was put into developing drug ingredients, excipients, and manufacturing processes. Quality by design (QbD) is included in the manufacturing process's development, and the result is steadily improving product quality. Quality target product profiles, critical quality attributes, analytical process techniques, critical process parameters control strategy and design space are elements of many pharmaceutical advancements. Some of the topics covered included the application of QbD to herbal products, food processing, and biotherapeutics through analytical process techniques. We are still exploring and compiling all the data and metrics required to link and show the benefits of QbD to all stakeholders. Nevertheless, the pharmaceutical sector is quickly using the QbD process to create products that are reliable, efficient, and of high quality. Soon, a more profound comprehension of the dosage form parameters supported by the notion of QbD will benefit Risk management and process and product design, optimizing complex drug delivery systems.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Disease Prognosis]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21779</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Predisposing Factors]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21771</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Phenolic Compounds with Photo-Chemoprotective Activity]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21752</link><description><![CDATA[Skin cancer has one of the highest incidence rates among all types of cancer and is predominantly caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, which reaches the Earth's surface due to the well-known phenomenon of thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. To reduce the risk of developing this malignancy, the use of sunscreens is recommended; however, the synthetic compounds in sunscreens can cause side effects and harm the environment. To avoid damage to human health and the environment, the use of different plant secondary metabolites with photochemoprotective potential has been investigated in recent decades. For this reason, phenolic compounds are useful alternatives since many of them are capable of absorbing ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Moreover, some of these compounds have antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and even anticancer activities. This chapter explores the progress in the study of different phenolic compounds extracted from plants with potential for use in sunscreen formulations.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Application of Viruses as Carriers in Biotechnology]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21751</link><description><![CDATA[Currently, the development of new vaccine technologies for the treatment of diseases is vital. The use of biotechnology in the application of viruses for the development of vaccines is a relatively new research platform. Viruses have become an important tool in biotechnology, and they are being used in the development of vaccines and anticancer drugs. Some of the viral vectors commonly used to develop vaccines are adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpes simplex viruses, retroviruses and lentiviruses, among others. Viral vectors have been used as vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, influenza, HIV and malaria. Viruses have also been used to target drugs to cancer cells by using engineered viral vectors that can selectively target and infect cancer cells. In this way, viral vectors can also be used to deliver antitumor drugs. This will selectively target cancer cells. Thus, vectors can be used to deliver therapeutic drugs directly to the tumor, resulting in reduced side effects and improved efficacy.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Recent Drugs Tested in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer´s and Parkinson´s Diseases Treatment: Current Approaches in Tracking New Drugs]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21739</link><description><![CDATA[Affecting more than 50 million people worldwide and with high global costs annually, neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are a growing challenge all over the world. Globally, only in 2018, AD costs reached an astonishing $ 1 trillion and, since the annual costs of AD are rapidly increasing, the projections estimate that these numbers will double by 2030. Considering the industrial perspective, the costs related to the development of new drugs are extremely high when compared to the expected financial return. One of the aggravating factors is the exorbitant values for the synthesis of chemical compounds, hindering the process of searching for new drug candidates. In the last 10-year period, an average of 20 to 40 new drugs were approved per year, representing a success rate of less than 6%. However, the number of referrals for new drug orders and/or applications remained at approximately 700 each year, reinforcing the difficulty in the process of identifying and developing novel drugs. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, the FDA (USA) approved 53 new therapies in 2019, including 48 new molecules and, from these, three are medicines and two are vaccines. The main drugs recommended for the treatment of these disorders are included in the following classes: Dopamine supplement (Levodopa), Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor (Selegiline, Rasagiline), Dopamine agonist (Apomorphine, Pramipexole), and Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine). Additionally, the current pharmacological treatments are not able to cure these patients and considering the etiological complexity and the prevalence of neurological disorders, scientists have a great challenge in exploring new therapies and new molecules to find an adequate and viable treatment for these diseases. Clinical trials are essential in this process and thus, this chapter describes the most important drugs that were targets of phase III and IV clinical studies in the last five years, associated with the most common neurological disorders worldwide, AD and PD. Information about mechanisms of action, experimental studies in other diseases that support their use, and chemical structure of the drugs are included in this chapter. Additionally, nature as a source of valuable chemical entities for PD and AD therapeutics was also revised, as well as future advances in the field regarding tracking new drugs to get successful results and critical opinions in the research and clinical investigation.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Role of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques in Detection of Disease Severity: A Survey]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21728</link><description><![CDATA[The increasing number of health issues is a cause of concern for public as well as health services across the globe. However, a boom in the use of imaging techniques such as CT scans and chest radiographs has been observed for correct diagnosis. But, manual scanning of these modalities requires expertise in modality reading. It is also a time-consuming task. Artificial intelligence-based techniques have proven their potential in pattern recognition, object identification, and data analysis. Therefore, these techniques can be used to provide assisting tools for the primary screening of diseases from these modalities. It has been observed from the literature that a lot of research works are available on disease diagnosis and classification using machine learning, and deep learning. But, the disease severity detection is underexplored. Moreover, the techniques employed for the detection of the severity of diseases have lacunae that need immediate attention. These challenges motivated us to review the machine learning and deep learning-based technological solutions proposed in the literature for the detection of disease severity. The objective of this research is to present a comprehensive survey of research works available about disease severity detection. This research also presents a comparative analysis of the machine learning techniques and deep learning techniques employed, datasets used, and performance achieved. It also highlights the drawbacks of the technological solution proposed. Further, it provides the directions for future scope in the domain of disease severity detection.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Application of Biosurfactant in Agriculture]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21694</link><description><![CDATA[All countries are concerned about meeting the growing demands of the human population in terms of agricultural output in a timely manner. Biosurfactants are substances that bacteria, yeasts and fungus are said to create as green surfactants which are less harmful and environmentally compassionate. Several forms of biosurfactants could be commercialised for use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. Surface active molecules are frequently utilised in agricultural soil remediation to improve soil quality. In recent years, the chemical compounds have gotten a lot of attention because they're seen as a viable and environmentally benign alternative to traditional remedial solutions. The bio molecules which showed the potential to replace the harsh surfactants currently utilised in the multibillion-dollar pesticide industry. The microbial population is screened for biosurfactant synthesis using traditional methods. The modern civilization is confronted with a number of issues in terms of enforcing environmental protection, implementation and addressing climate change for future generation. As a result, studies on environmental safety and human are being carried out in order to improve the efficiency of sustainable environmental restoration methods. Cosmetics, medicines, food, petroleum, agriculture, textiles and wastewater treatment are just a few of the areas where biosurfactants have been shown to be successful and efficient. Improved plant pathogen management, antibacterial activity, antibiofilm activity, seed protection and fertility, wound healing and dermatological care, drug delivery systems, and anticancer treatments are just a few of the applications for microbial produced biosurfactants. This study emphasizes the widespread utilize of harsh surfactants in the agrochemical industry and agricultural soil. More research is needed to determine the possible relevance of biosurfactants produced from environmental isolates in plant growth improvement and other agricultural applications.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[<i>In Vitro</i> Multiplication and Metabolite Variations through GC-MS of a Medicinal Plant <i>Scaevola Taccada</i> (Gaertn.) Roxb.]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21653</link><description><![CDATA[The present study investigated the difference in the phytoconstituents in the methanolic extract of mother and tissue cultured plants of Scaevola taccada (Gaertn). Roxb., an important medicinal plant of the Goodiniaceae family. An efficient protocol was established to rapidly multiply S. taccada using nodal explants. The explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0.5 mg/l, 2.5 mg/l, 5.0 mg/l, 10.0 mg/l), IAA (1.0 mg/l), Kinetin (1.0 mg/l), ascorbic acid (100 mg/l) and citric acid (25 mg/l). The maximum number of multiple shoots were obtained in MS medium supplemented with BAP (5.0 mg/l) in combination with Kinetin (1.0 mg/l) and additives ascorbic acid (100 mg/l) and citric acid (25 mg/l). Subculturing multiple shoots at periodic intervals of every 4 weeks produced the maximum number of shoots. The in vitro generated shoots were rooted in half-strength MS medium supplemented with IBA (0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5) mg/l NAA (0.5,1.0,2.0,2.5) mg/l. Among these, the highest root induction was obtained in IBA (1.5 mg/l) and NAA (0.1 mg/l). The rooted plantlets were transferred to pots containing a mixture of vermiculite and perlite for acclimatization for three weeks. The plants were hardened in a greenhouse and planted in open fields. Phytochemical analysis shows the methanolic extracts of the tissue cultured plants produced more bioactive compounds having various pharmaceutical importance than the mother plant.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Stem Cells-Based Technological Innovation in Tissue Engineering]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21646</link><description><![CDATA[Stem cells are a category of cells with self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation capacity, which have been recognized as advantaged sources for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To date, stem cells and their derivatives alone or combined with biomaterials have aroused extensive and sustained attention to investigations in the field of fundamental research and clinical practice. In recent years, a series of novel technologies have been involved in stem cell-based cytotherapy, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing, organoid research, and multitudinous kinds of gene-editing technologies, which collectively facilitate the development of tissue engineering for disease administration. In this chapter, we summarized the rudimentary knowledge of the aforementioned new technologies, together with the promising perspective and the concomitant challenges, which would help increase the cognition of technological innovation for stem cell-based investigations and remedies in the future.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Smart Healthcare Classifier - Skin Lesion Detection using a Revolutionary Light Weight Deep Learning Framework]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21623</link><description><![CDATA[Skin lesion diagnosis has recently gotten a lot of attention. Physicians spend a lot of time analyzing these skin lesions because of their striking similarities. Clinicians can use a deep learning-based automated classification system to identify the type of skin lesion and enhance the quality of medical services. As deep learning architecture progresses, skin lesion categorization has become a popular study topic. In this work, a modern skin lesion detection system is provided using a new segmentation approach known as wide-ShuffleNet. The entropy-based weighting technique is first computed, and a first-order cumulative moment algorithm is implemented for the skin picture. These illustrations are used to differentiate the lesion from the surrounding area. The type of melanoma is then established by sending the segmentation result into the wide-ShuffleNet, a new deep-learning structure. The proposed technique was evaluated using multiple huge datasets, including ISIC2019 and HAM10000. According to the statistics, EWA and CAFO wide-ShuffleNet are more accurate than the state-of-the-art approaches. The suggested technology is incredibly light, making it ideal for flexible healthcare management.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Effective Automated Medical Image Segmentation Using Hybrid Computational Intelligence Technique]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21621</link><description><![CDATA[In biomedical domain, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation is highly essential for the treatment or prevention of disease. The demand for fast processing and high accurate results is necessary for medical diagnosis. This can be solved by using computational intelligence (CoIn) for data processing. The CoIn can be achieved by using well-known techniques such as fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, evolutionary algorithms and neural networks. The computational complexity of a medical image segmentation depends on the characteristics of data as well as suitable algorithms. The selection of CoIn methods is very important for better segmentation of a medical image because each algorithm outperforms a different medical image data set. The hybrid CoIn (H-CoIn) is one of the solutions to overcome the problem of individual algorithms in medical image segmentation. The H-CoIn is a combination of two or more intelligence algorithms (like fuzzy logic, evolutionary algorithms and neural networks). The drawbacks of individual intelligence algorithms can be overcome by using H-CoIn. In a medical image segmentation process, two or more variables or objectives need to be optimized for H-CoIn. This problem can be solved by using multi-objective optimization techniques, where simultaneously minimization or maximization can be performed. In this chapter, the various CoIn algorithms' performance has been discussed in detail for medical image segmentation and compared with state-of-the-art techniques. The H-Coin algorithm has been implemented in a large medical dataset and attained an accuracy of 98.89%. Further, the H-Coin algorithm is reliable and suitable to overcome the inter-observer and intraobserver variability.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Promising Pharmaceutical Compounds of Marine Shellfish: Their Chemistry and Therapeutic Applications]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21601</link><description><![CDATA[This chapter deals with the promising bioactive compounds of marine shellfish viz. crustaceans, molluscs, and echinoderms. Among the marine crustaceans, the extracts of shrimps and crabs containing astaxanthin showed major bioactivities. On the other hand, among molluscs, gastropods possessed the maximum number of secondary metabolites and associated bioactivities compared to the bivalves and cephalopods. Further, among echinoderms, the asteroids and holothurians showed maximum number of secondary metabolites compared to their counterparts viz. echinoids and crinoids.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Promising Pharmaceutical Compounds of Marine Bryozoans: Their Chemistry and Therapeutic Applications]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21599</link><description><![CDATA[This chapter deals with the pharmaceutically important marine bryozoans, their promising secondary metabolites, and bioactivities. All the bioactive compounds of this marine invertebrate group are dealt with as per their chemical classes.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Promising Pharmaceutical Compounds of Marine Plants: Their Chemistry and Therapeutic Applications]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21596</link><description><![CDATA[This chapter deals with the promising marine bioactive compounds of marine plants such as, seaweeds, seagrasses, mangroves, and halophytes; and their chemistry and therapeutic applications. Among the different constituents, the seaweeds in general and brown and red algae exhibited a variety of bioactivities followed by mangroves, seagrasses, and halophytes in that order.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Metabolic Engineering of Bifidobacterium sp. Using Genome Editing Techniques]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21514</link><description><![CDATA[The gut microbiome is significant in maintaining human health by facilitating absorption and digestion in the intestine. Probiotics have diverse and significant applications in the health sector, so probiotic strains require an understanding of the genome-level organizations. Probiotics elucidate various functional parameters that control their metabolic functions. Gut dysbiosis leads to inflammatory bowel disease and other neurological disorders. The application of probiotic bacteria to modulate the gut microbiota prevents diseases and has gained large interest. In a recent decade, the development of modern tools in molecular biology has led to the discovery of genome engineering. Synthetic biology approaches provide information about diverse biosynthetic pathways and also facilitate novel metabolic engineering approaches for probiotic strain improvement. The techniques enable engineering probiotics with the desired functionalities to benefit human health. This chapter describes the recent advances in probiotic strain improvement for diagnostic and therapeutic applications via CRISPR-Cas tools. Also, the application of probiotics, current challenges, and future perspectives in disease treatment are discussed.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Animal Models for Cancer]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21461</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer is a complex multifactorial disease that affects many people worldwide. Animal models play an important role in deciphering cancer biology and developing new therapies. The animal models widely used in cancer research include tumor xenografts, genetically engineered mice, chemically induced models, and spontaneous tumor models. These models provide a controlled environment to study cancer progression, the interaction of cancer and the immune system, and the effectiveness of new therapies. Although animal models have several advantages, it is important to identify their limitations and use them in conjunction with other preclinical models, such as in-vitro cell culture and patient-derived xenografts, to ensure that results are transferable to humans. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of animal models in cancer research, the different types of animal models, and their advantages and disadvantages. We also provide some examples of animal models used in cancer research. Collectively, animal models have been invaluable in advancing our understanding of cancer and will continue to be important tools in the development of new therapies.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle Targeting Strategies In Cancer Therapy]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21370</link><description><![CDATA[This review outlines major cancer targeting strategies for nanoparticle systems. Targeted therapies have superiority over conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy methods. Nanoparticles as drug nanocarriers enable drug delivery to the tumoral regions. For targeted drug delivery, nanoparticles are designed and tailored depending on the cancer and the purpose of the targeting mechanism. In this review, nanoparticle targeting for cancer therapy was summarized into three sections: passive, active, and physical targeting. Each issue was described and discussed with recent nanoparticular studies and their findings. In addition, a combination of targeting with diagnostics and theranostics was also presented.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Bioinspired, Biomimetic Nanomedicines]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21358</link><description><![CDATA[Bio-inspired nanotechnology (biomimetic nanotechnology) is defined as the acquisition of nanomaterials or nanodevices and systems using the principles of biology during design or synthesis. Transferring a mechanism, an idea, or a formation from living systems to inanimate systems is an essential strategy. In this context, nanoparticles inspired by nature have many advantages, such as functionality, biocompatibility, low toxicity, diversity, and tolerability. It is known that biomimetic approaches have been used in materials science since ancient times. Today, it plays a crucial role in the development of drug delivery systems, imaging, and diagnostics in medical science. There is no doubt that interest and research in biomimetic approaches, which is an innovative approach and inspired by nature, will continue in the field of medicine and life sciences hereafter. Within the scope of this chapter, polymeric nanomedicines, monoclonal antibodies and related structures, cell and cell-membrane-derived biomimetic nanomedicines, bacteria-inspired nanomedicines, viral biomimetic nanomedicines, organelle-related nanomedicines, nanozymes, protein corona, and nanomedicine concepts and new developments will be elucidated.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Nanotechnology in Medicinal Plants]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21237</link><description><![CDATA[<div>Nanoparticles have immense applications in plants from mass propagation to</div><div>phyto-drug extraction and augmentation. Alongside, nanoparticles are also manifested</div><div>as potential drug vehicles for carrying curative agents to the targeted tissues or part,</div><div>accompanying control delivery of drugs to the infected site. Advancement in</div><div>nanotechnology directed towards the transformation of metallo-drugs at the nanoscale</div><div>brings new dimensions in therapeutics from the treatment of multidrug-resistant</div><div>microbes to chemotherapies of tumors. With the nano-advancement, not only metals</div><div>and their oxides are transformed at the nanoscale but also the potential phyto agents,</div><div>proteins, and hormones are transformed into nanosized entities which change the entire</div><div>fundamentals of therapeutic and curative practices. A lot of changes in medicine, drug</div><div>delivery system and drug formulation as commenced just because of nanotechnology.</div><div>The current chapter highlights nanotech advancements in the area of medicinal plant</div><div>propagation, drug augmentation and extraction methodologies along with their</div><div>limitations and future prospects.</div>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Medicinal Plants: Traditional Trends to Modern Therapeutics]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/21236</link><description><![CDATA[<div>Medicinal plant therapies are becoming more common, as more people seek</div><div>natural cures and health approaches devoid of synthetic chemicals' adverse effects. The</div><div>biological and pharmacological potential of plants is studied and utilized all around the</div><div>globe for various purposes including the treatment of infections and diseases owing due</div><div>to bioactive compounds in plants produced as a result of secondary metabolism. The</div><div>study of medicinal plants is helpful in clinical trials to find pharmacologically useful</div><div>chemicals, and this method has produced thousands of valued medicines. Opium,</div><div>aspirin, quinine, and digoxin are some examples. Plants possess a large number of</div><div>bioactive compounds. On the basis of their chemical structure, they are divided into</div><div>four classes: alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. Plants can now be turned into</div><div>“factories” that create therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and many more products for use</div><div>in the production of biotech pharmaceuticals, medications, and therapies. This chapter</div><div>discusses the diversity and importance of medicinal plants in various sectors as well as</div><div>highlights the successful drug products produced by the said entities and their future</div><div>trends.<br></div>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Subject Index]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20870</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Nonionizing Radiation Risk Management and Safety]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20869</link><description><![CDATA[The applications of Nonionizing radiation (NIR) has increased in recent years. Safety authorities and the public were concerned about the use of devices that emit NIR. Questions about acute or chronic effects have subsequently become more important. According to many studies and experiments carried out, EMF does not affect the functioning of a living organism, provided that those certain established acceptable standards are not exceeded. It comprises lower quantum energies and, therefore, has different biological effects and interactions with matter. It displays its unique personality, although it shares the same wave characteristics as ionizing radiation. We can describe this in terms of its frequency, energy, and wavelength. It is longer, less frequent, and lazier compared to ‘IR’, but it can still inflict a good deal of damage. This Chapter will cover the effect of NIR interaction with matter, risk management, and safety associated with its application.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Nonionizing Radiation Safety and Regulations]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20868</link><description><![CDATA[Nonionizing radiation cannot ionize the human body tissues due to its low energy; however, its thermal, mechanical, chemical, vibrational, and several other effects can create complications. To avoid hazards and complications from nonionizing radiation, it is mandatory to establish and follow proper rules and regulations while dealing with such radiation. This chapter reports an overview of various rules and regulations regarding the uses and limits of nonionizing radiation, provided by various organizations.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Ultraviolet Radiation: Benefits, Harms, and Protection]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20861</link><description><![CDATA[Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is used in several devices for various applications. These applications include medical, research and industrial uses. Some of these applications are fundamental tools for our modern era. These applications range from visualization of DNA to eradication of dangerous diseases and microorganisms in the air and water. While UV radiation is not energetic enough to be considered ionizing radiation and is treated as less hazardous, it is the form of non-ionizing radiation that is closest to the ionization region. UV radiation does have the ability to break chemical bonds and can pose significant hazards to humans. These hazards may include discomfort, temporary loss of sight or impairment, permanent loss of sight, or cancer. To mitigate the hazards from UV exposures, the hazards must be assessed, and administrative controls and engineering controls should be utilized. Federal regulations and guidance regarding UV hazard assessment and mitigation for the end-users of UV devices are not currently robust, but the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has provided some useful information for assessment.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Subject Index]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20708</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Human Topoisomerases and Caspases: Important Targets in Cancer Therapy]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20701</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer has always remained a major challenge to humanity with its rising morbidity and mortality rate making it uncontrollable. Current treatments for cancer offer limited efficacy and suffer from serious side effects. With a focus on making treatment safer and more effective, there is a need to identify novel targets and potent drugs for these targets. Recent years have witnessed significant progress in the discovery of targeted cancer therapy. On-going research in this field suggests that human topoisomerases and caspases are important molecular drug targets for anti-cancer drug development. Topoisomerases are DNA processing enzymes essentially required to maintain DNA topology during transcription, replication, recombination and chromosomal decatenation. Several new chemical classes of topoisomerase inhibitors including natural product derivatives are in clinical trials for the treatment of various human cancers. Several topoisomerase inhibitors such as topotecan, irinotecan, camptothecin, teniposide and doxorubicin are clinically approved for various cancers such as colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and many more. However, many of these inhibitors have also been associated with serious side effects during chemotherapy. Emerging data in recent years also suggests the role of topoisomerase inhibition in immunogenic cell death and activating anticancer immune responses making them potential combinatorial modalities for cancer immunotherapy. Caspases [1-12] belong to the family of cysteine-aspartic proteases responsible for the execution of cell death in apoptotic cells. Caspases play an important role in various non-lethal biological processes like cell proliferation, cell differentiation, intercellular communication, and cell migration. The dysregulation of apoptotic signalling pathways is considered one of the hallmarks of cancer. Hence the focus of cancer therapy is correcting this aberrant behaviour. Natural products such as alkaloids, flavonoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, and polyphenolics have been reported with various anticancer properties. In this chapter, we have discussed topoisomerases and the regulation of caspase functions through direct or indirect methods for anticancer drug discovery.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Application of d- and f- Block Elements and Their Compounds in Medicine]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20662</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Application of Main Group Elements and Their Compounds in Medicine]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20661</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Biological Functions of Elements of Main Groups]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20659</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Drugs and Phytochemicals Targeting Cancer]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20634</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer which is basically uncontrolled cell division and, thereby, the formation of tumors, has been a prominent cause of death across the world. More than 10 million people have lost their lives due to different types of cancer such as breast, lung, prostate, gastrointestinal, etc. Several pathways, including metabolic, signalling, etc., get altered to support uncontrolled cell division and their growth in case of cancer. Despite an increasing understanding of this disease over the period of time, still, specific causes could not be held responsible for the occurrence. Therefore, various different strategies mainly focused on preventing and killing cancerous cells have been explored. This chapter will primarily focus on the different drugs, including different types of chemotherapeutic agents such as DNA-alkylating agents like nitrogen mustard, cyclophosphamide, drug-peptide, drug-steroid conjugates, antimetabolites, antibiotics, etc. In addition to that, phytochemicals, which have also been investigated for their anti-cancerous activities and are under clinical trial, have also been discussed.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Subject Index]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20627</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Skin Cancer as an Emerging Global Threat and Potential Natural Therapeutic]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20625</link><description><![CDATA[Background and Aim: Global advancement is facing a huge threat due to the increased number of skin cancer cases and potential health-system costs. Perception of skin cancer prevalence is important for the treatment, prevention strategies, and administration of medical allowances. In addition to fair and tanned skin, the risk factor for the development of disease is sedentary lifestyle habits, and the reduction in physical activities has risen the mortalities worldwide. This effort signifies information on incidence, risk factors, and mortality rates across six continents. Methodology: The scientific literature was illustrated to find the correlation between the risk factors and resulting data to map, the approaches practiced concerning certain prevention strategies, in particular to alteration in behaviors such as reduction to UV-light exposure, screening and prevention in the progression of the disease. Results: The incidence of the disease is highest in Australia and New Zealand and lowest in Asian countries. A global survey was done on disease burden in 2018, in which signposts Incidence and mortality are 33.3 ASR and 4.8 ASR, respectively, in New Zealand and 33.6 ASR and 3.2 ASR, respectively, in Australia for melanoma skin cancer. The resistance of skin cancer to topical chemotherapy has turned the attention to natural therapeutics, including herbs, plant extracts and nutraceuticals. Conclusion: In difficult circumstances, a change in adaptive behavior and cognitive development can reduce the disease burden worldwide. Natural therapeutics can be used to exert anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-tumorigenic by modulating the signaling pathways and other physiological effects.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention, Policy and Treatment Schemes of Skin Infections in Developing Countries]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20624</link><description><![CDATA[Skin diseases are common public health problems in developing countries. The prevalence is universal and can cause a significant economic burden. Additionally, it is a common cause of morbidity among vulnerable groups, such as children, and affects people of all ages and ethnicities. However, the impact of skin disease on the national public healthcare system is complex and poorly studied, particularly in developing countries. A number of factors, including population aging, genetics, and environment, have contributed to the change in skin disease trends. The combined effects of these factors have severe health implications for people, and their dynamics are not fully understood. It is thus necessary to improve diagnostic techniques in order to provide new therapeutic resources in dermatology in the wake of the scientific revolution and technological innovations. To understand the changes in the prevalence of skin disease age-specific distributions and associated mortality, this study provides comprehensive information on vulnerable populations, epidemiological characteristics, and geographic distributions. Furthermore, the study provides a baseline for the management of skin disorders using medicinal plants. Surveillance, burden, diagnostics, and treatments of skin disease are essential components of developing measurable, influential, and sustainable intervention programs to reduce disease infections. Furthermore, these approaches assist in understanding the pathogenesis and disease process and assist with the development of new therapeutic strategies and preventive measures against morbidity in underdeveloped and developing countries, as well as establishing a baseline for medicinal plants that contribute significantly to the treatment.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Vitiligo and Treatment Protocols]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20622</link><description><![CDATA[Vitiligo is an abiding acquired skin disorder caused by the epidermal disappearance of pigment cells of localized and general skin mucosa, characterized by the appearance of symmetrical patches on the skin. The exact cause of this disorder is unknown, but genetic susceptibility, melanocyte growth factor deficiency, autoimmunity, and some neurological and environmental factors are believed to play a triggering role. Although no drugs are completely successful in managing this disorder, many different approaches, such as topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, transplantation, newly emerged phototherapy, or the combination approaches, however, have shown positive results and have helped to restore skin tone in people with small areas of depigmentation. The association of the adverse effects such as redness, itching, burning, pruritis, xerosis cutis, or potential risk of skin cancer and the high treatment cost with these therapies has necessitated the development of other newer treatment approaches such as phytotherapy for vitiligo. Also, novel drugs are being developed that either stimulate the melanocytes, like afamelanotide, or help control or protect the melanocytes. Many herbal drugs have been reported beneficial in the treatment of vitiligo, which has been shown to stimulate melanogenesis, proliferation or migration of melanocytes or have immunomodulatory properties. Further research on herbal drugs should be extended to develop safe, effective and affordable treatments for vitiligo.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Eczema, Etiology and Treatment]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20619</link><description><![CDATA[Eczema is not a condition but a group of skin diseases that causes skin inflammation and irritation. It exists in several different forms, and each form has its signs and symptoms. Eczema is also referred to as Atopic dermatitis (AD), which is its most prevalent and popular form, with a high global burden in morbidity and healthcare costs. It is a chronic recurrent skin inflammatory disorder that is characterized by itching, redness, burning sensation of dark or light patches, papular bumps and weeping or crusting eruptions of the skin. Pathophysiology of AD is complex and multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, skin barrier defects, immunological dysfunction and regulation, microbial colonisation, neuroinflammation, altered lipid composition, food allergies and other environmental risk factors. Currently, available treatment regimens, which include corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, antibiotics, immunomodulatory agents, UV therapy, may offer some relief to patients, but there is no permanent cure for the disease. Specific cases may additionally need psychosomatic counselling (in stress induces exacerbations), Monoclonal antibodies targeting T-helper 2 pathways and aeroallergens, which may improve the condition of associated asthma or rhinitis. To minimize the side-effects caused by conventional treatments such as skin atrophy, telangiectasia, lymphomas and malignancies, Novel jakus kinase (JAK) receptor inhibitors are under development which are believed to show promising effects in treating AD. Traditional Chinese herbs, used widely, have revealed some supplementary activity in reducing the severity of AD. Tapinarof, a naturally derived stilbene that activates aryl hydro carbon receptor (AHR) and triggers inflammation, has shown significant results in AD and psoriasis patients. Homeopathy, aroma therapy, essential oils, essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, have also been exemplified to aid clinical AD treatment.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[The Role of Natural Products in the Management of Skin Pigmentary Anomalies]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20548</link><description><![CDATA[The skin is one of the most important organs of the human body. Dermatological ailments and pathologies are important for public health because they cause physical damage and emotional and psychological repercussions that sometimes present high healthcare expenses. Some of the most common pathologies are eczema, psoriasis, acne, rosacea, pyoderma, scabies, tinea capitis, dermatitis, reactions of poisonous insect or reptile bites hives, pigmentary anomalies such as vitiligo, albinism, tinea versicolor, melasma, acanthosis nigricans, and café au Lait spots, such others, can cause serious damage to health, for which extensive pharmacological treatments have been proposed; however, they have serious side effects such as steroid treatments, so in certain regions of the world, medicinal plants are used to treat dermatological complications, where ethnopharmacological records date to treat or aid skin conditions, mainly burns and scars. These effects are due to their anti-inflammatory, healing, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, where the compounds most studied have been phenolic (flavonoids such as phloretin), vitamins, and essential oils (terpenes). Some species that stand out are the genera Dendrobium, Aloe, Acalypha, Acanthus, Achillea, Actinidia, Calendula, Bulbine, Heparinum, Sanguisorba, and Buddleja, among others. This chapter summarizes the most recent information regarding the potential of natural products as biopharmaceutical agents against some of the most evaluated skin pigmentary anomalies.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Preclinical Drug Entities in Clinical Trial Pipeline from Marine Source]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20463</link><description><![CDATA[The massive increase in the world’s population has placed an undue strain on the available resources for pharmaceuticals. As a result, drug producers are constantly on the lookout for new resources that will allow them to build effective and safe pharmaceuticals to meet the growing demands of the world’s population. However, three fourth of the earth’s surface is covered by the marine environment, studies into the pharmacology of marine creatures have been limited, and much of what has been discovered is still undiscovered. The marine environment is a plethora and diversified source of novel medications to treat important diseases like cancer and malaria, among others. Marine natural products have distinct, previously unexplored diversifications as well as a diverse range of intriguing biological potentialities that are characterized by unique mechanisms of action. Recently discovered and preclinically researched marine bioactive antimicrobials are the focus of this chapter.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Breast Cancer Detection Using Machine Learning Concepts]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20404</link><description><![CDATA[Machine learning is applied in medical diagnosis to do early prediction of diseases, for increasing the possibility of recoverability around the globe. Cancer is a disease, which spreads quickly and would be difficult to control in advanced stages. The idea is to diagnose the disease at an early stage, so as to increase the chances of fast recovery. Breast cancer is common in women, and is a disease that causes the death of women in the age of fifty years or older. The purpose is to apply machine learning concepts to do early detection of disease. The system is fed with the images of all stages of cancer patients and the classification tools are used to train the system with the cases. This helps to predict the stage of cancer. After the prediction of the stage, the patient is prescribed with the medication or other appropriate treatment processes by the doctor. The right time diagnoses help to improve the prognosis and increase the chances of survival. The type of the tumour, size and its re-occurring nature need to be monitored from time to time to check it in control. The Data Mining algorithm in collaboration with Deep learning or Machine learning concepts can be used to design a system for early predictions. The proposal is to use the machine learning concepts to do performance comparison using different classifiers, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) on the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) dataset [1]. The main aim of cancer detection is to classify tumours into malignant or benign, thus we use machine learning techniques to improve the accuracy of diagnosis. The main objective is to assess the efficiency, effectiveness and correctness of the algorithm using performance metrics like Accuracy, Precision, F1 score and Recall Experimentation is done using Jupyter Notebook.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence (AI) Game Changer in Cancer Biology]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20283</link><description><![CDATA[Healthcare is one of many industries where the most modern technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, have shown a wide range of applications. Cancer, one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases in modern times, accounts for a sizable portion of worldwide mortality. Investigations are continuously being conducted to find ways to reduce cancer mortality and morbidity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is currently being used in cancer research, with promising results. Two main features play a vital role in improving cancer prognosis: early detection and proper diagnosis using imaging and molecular techniques. AI's use as a tool in these sectors has demonstrated its capacity to precisely detect and diagnose, which is one of AI's many applications in cancer research. The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature and find AI applications in a range of cancers that are commonly seen.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Theranostics Micelles for Brain Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20167</link><description><![CDATA[Brain cancer is considered one of the most vicious and devastating tumors owing to its poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Common strategies for treatment include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, these are limited due to their invasive nature and the inherent difficulties of brain surgery, given there is a high possibility of tumor relapse. Further, radiation and chemotherapy have a non-selective harmful effect on normal tissues, accompanied by limited drug delivery due to the presence of various barriers, including the blood-brain barrier. For this reason, the theranostic approach was developed by incorporating one or more therapeutic and diagnostic agents in a single nanocarrier moiety which could be modulated at its surface with certain proteins, legend, surface markers, or a stimuli-responsive agent that is capable of selectively targeting the tumor site after passing through the blood-brain barrier. This new field will permit the early and precise detection of cancer tissue, facilitate the process of drug delivery and assist in monitoring treatment outcomes. Micelles are considered one of the most commonly used nanocarriers due to their high stability and loading capacity, along with efficient release controlling properties. This chapter will present brief information about brain anatomy and cancer, and will discuss the main strategies implemented in the diagnosis and treatment of brain cancers. Furthermore, it will introduce the theranostic micelle approach by highlighting micelles types and preparation techniques, as well as explain the different barriers and approaches to targeting.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Theranostics Dendrimer for Brain Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20165</link><description><![CDATA[Brain tumors have become one of the deadliest types of cancer. Tragically, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), an astringent regulatory, well-coordinated, and effectual obstacle, prevents most substances from passing through it. As a result, breaking through this hurdle is amongst the most difficult challenges in devising effective CNS therapies. In the USA, approximately seven lakh people have a principal brain malignancy, with an ample eighty-five thousand predicted to be afflicted by 2021. Capillaries are essential for delivering oxygen and nutrients to all body tissue and vital organs. The capillaries that vascularize the CNS have a special feature known as the blood-brain barrier, which enables such vessels to firmly enforce the transfer of ions, substances, and cells in-between the blood-brain barrier. This accurate estimation of CNS homeostasis leads to proper neuronal function while also protecting neural tissue from toxic substances and microorganisms, and changes in such mechanical strength are a major aspect of the pathology and transformation of various neurological diseases. Theranostic strategies were also postulated and deemed enticing in recent times. Due to the smaller size, better topical functionalization, and capability to integrate various processing elements in one system, nanotechnology is beneficial for this system. For cancer therapy, the structure of nanotherapeutic systems focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic applications is increasing tremendously. This dual system is extremely useful for personalized medicine-based clinical applications because it seeks to analyze the position of malignancy, the biodistribution of nanosized systems, along with an advanced and efficacious therapy. Proteins, molecular markers, and genes are some of the theranostic strategies that could be used to amplify the surface of the nanotheranostics particle and make benefit of the features of the micro-environment utilising stimulus-based triggers. The current chapter focused on the theranostic approach of dendrimer for brain tumor treatment. It also enlightened about various diagnostic techniques for brain tumors with a special emphasis on nanotherapeutics.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Barriers to Targeted Drug Delivery Strategies in Brain]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20162</link><description><![CDATA[Brain tumor is considered to be the most detrimental disease found in humans. Amongst the various brain tumors, glioblastoma has emerged as a highly invasive malignant disease that has contributed to significant mortality worldwide. Despite surgical and drug innovations, most of the patients suffering from brain tumours have shown poor prognosis, with a median life span. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) acts as a protective layer outside the brain for most of the conventional, diagnostic and therapeutic agents, which in turn leads to poor diagnosis and less efficacy in most clinical subjects. In recent years, multifunctional nanotechnology systems have been employed to deliver theranostic agents to the brain, showing promising outcomes in the treatment of various forms of cancer. The present chapter provides comprehensive information on the most recent developments in BBB-crossing nanotechnology, with a slight focus on the thoughtful design of multifunctional nanoplatforms for effective BBB penetration, accurate tumor imaging, and substantial brain tumor inhibition. Besides, various physiological barriers and transportation mechanisms, different drug delivery systems for brain tumors are also highlighted. Furthermore, major advancements in brain tumor theranostics pertaining to employing different nanosystems such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, bio-nano particles, and inorganic-nanoparticles for effective nano-drug delivery for theranostics in brain tumors have also been discussed.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Subject Index]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20158</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Recent Development and Advancement in Microneedle-Assisted Drug Delivery System Used in the Treatment of Cancer]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20157</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer is one of the most common and distressing diseases. Cancer-related mortality and prevalence have both grown in the last 50 years. Due to its intricacy and progressive nature, cancer remains one of the most debilitating diseases in humans, and clinical care for this lethal disease remains a challenge in the twenty-first century. New and better cancer medicines are constantly needed. Due to the rising global incidence of cancer, the development of novel alternatives to traditional medicines is unavoidable to overcome constraints, such as limited efficacy, comorbidities and high cost. Microneedle arrays (MNs) have just been introduced as an innovative, low-cost, and minimally invasive technique. MNs can safely and precisely deliver micromolecular and macromolecular pharmaceuticals, as well as nanoparticles (NPs), to tumor tissue. However, only a few lipophilic pharmacological compounds with low molecular weight and a rational Log P value were able to pass the skin barrier. Microneedles (MNs) can circumvent these constraints by piercing the body's outermost skin layer and delivering a variety of medications into the dermal layer. MN patches have been made with a variety of materials and application methods. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing “A touch button approach” gives the prototyping and manufacturing methods the flexibility to produce the MN patches in a one-step manner with high levels of shape complexity and duplicability.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Abridgment of Nanotechnology in Skin Cancer Treatment: Current Trends and Future Outlook]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20154</link><description><![CDATA[This chapter focuses on skin cancer, which is represented by the accumulation of cells in one part of the skin. It enhances the form of the cells which line up along the membrane and separates the deep layer of the skin from the superficial layer. The recent skin cancer treatment includes surgical or excision biopsy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, Mohs micrographic surgery, radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy, therapeutic hyperthermia, immunotherapy, etc. The drawback of skin cancer treatment with these therapies are skin irritation at the site of treatment and variation in the skin color or dark pigmentation after treatment, chances of cancer reoccurrence, longer treatment period and many more. Whereas, nanotechnology materials are used to deliver controlled and sustained drug dosage to skin cancer through the skin over a period of time without any skin irritation and other problems associated with recent treatments. The various kinds of nanotechnology products mentioned in this chapter offer numerous advantages for skin cancer, such as increased solubility, drug release in a sustained and controlled manner, better penetration through skin layers and precise site of action. This chapter discusses the various types and causes of skin cancer, current treatments and their limitations, as well as the role of nanotechnology and its products in skin cancer with its future outlook.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Nanomedicine-based use of SiRNA in Cancer]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20150</link><description><![CDATA[People have been suffering from cancer and associated problems for many years. A great amount of improvement has occurred in the field of medical science, and it certainly has benefitted humankind to help live a happy and prosperous life. Despite all these things, cancer treatment remains a provocative question as every year cases are increasing; on the contrary, there are a lot of difficulties associated with cancer treatment. To cope with these unique and mischievous problems, nanotechnology is considered a boon. Various nanoparticle facilitates the required characteristics to deliver a specific active therapeutic agent against the cancer cells. They can be targeted and even modified to fulfill specific pharmacokinetic parameters vital for in vivo delivery of drugs along with Nano-systems. This chapter here focuses on various types of nanoparticles and nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery of certain therapeutic agents.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Cancer Pathophysiology]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20147</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer prevalence across the globe has increased substantially in the last two decades despite significant progress in inpatient care. Cancer, a multifactorial disease, evolved several theories to establish pathophysiological conditions. Uncontrolled proliferation, dedifferentiation and metastasis mainly describe the cancer progression, which must be characterized by cellular and molecular changes. Understanding these processes helps devise the strategy for effectively delivering the drugs to the target sites. The present review described the essential features of cancer pathophysiology and challenges to achieving drug concentration in the targeted area.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Animal Models used in Cancer Research: Role of Transgenic Animals]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20138</link><description><![CDATA[In spite of the existence of many chronic diseases, cancer is still one of the major distresses for public health and is also the second largest major concern of death. The data collected from the last 50 years of research showed that very few cancers are curable, and the fear factor related to this disease is still unaltered. Victorious bench-tobedside transformation of basic methodical findings about cancer into therapeutic involvements for patients relies on the appropriate selection of animal experimental models. Animal models play an important role in studying the genetics and biology of human cancers as well as the preclinical examination of various cancer therapeutics and cancer prevention. In this chapter, we will review the imperative animal models such as spontaneous tumour models, chemically induced tumour models, radiationinduced tumour models, etc., along with other animal models, such as porcine, canines, etc., used for immuno-oncological research. In addition, the role of transgenic animals in cancer research will also be discussed.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Surveillance of Cancer]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20137</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Cancer management has been a daunting task for both health professionals and patients throughout the journey. Screening of cancer at the right time/stage remains the most critical part of the riddle. Certain molecules that characterize cancer, known as ‘biomarkers,’ come out to be the most useful in this journey. The National Institute of Health defines a biomarker as “a characteristic used to measure and evaluate objectively normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention”. These have proven to be often easily available agents employing minimally invasive methods. Biomarkers have played crucial roles in screening, asymptomatic and early-stage detection, monitoring of the treatment therapy and eventual follow-up to check upon a probable re-lapse or metastasis. A cancer biomarker can be any of the biomolecules such as protein, DNA, RNA, proteoglycans, immunological compounds, salivary biomarkers and endogenous peptides. With the refinement in high-throughput techniques, the list of the types of biomolecules and the number of potential biomarkers is only increasing, with volatile organic compounds from the breath (breath biopsy) adding to the list. In this chapter, we shall put effort into reviewing this otherwise very vast topic. The chapter will outline various types of biomarkers, the journey so far with clinically approved cancer biomarkers, the challenges being faced, and conclude with future perspectives.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Potential of Biomaterials Derived from Marine Algae as Anticancer Agent]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20135</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer is one of the most serious and common human diseases, causing millions of deaths per year worldwide. Currently, the discovery of noble therapeutic agents with a natural origin for cancer treatment is a major challenge. In this context, marine algae with wide species and phytochemical diversity will offer great scope for the discovery of new drugs. Algae with marine origin, including microalgae and macroalgae (seaweeds), constitute more than 90% of oceanic biomass. Marine algae are rich sources of pigments, lipids, carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins and other fine chemicals. The biomaterials obtained from marine algae are important ingredients in many products, including cosmetics and drugs for treating cancer and other diseases. The in vitro and in vivo evaluations of biomolecules derived from marine algae have shown a vast range of pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, immunostimulatory and antitumor activities to control cancer. In spite of the rich source of various bioactive molecules, the marine algal flora largely remains unexplored for the discovery of active molecules against cancer to date. Hence, this review consolidates the available information on marine algae-derived anticancer molecules to provide baseline information for promoting anticancer research based on biomaterials derived from marine algae.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Protective and Therapeutic Effects of Plant Saponins]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20133</link><description><![CDATA[Saponins are a large family of biologically active amphipathic glycosides of triterpenoids and steroids. These high molecular weight glycosides consist of an oligosaccharide moiety linked with an aglycone, also known as sapogenin (triterpenoid or steroid). Therefore, structurally saponins are classified into two categories, i.e., triterpenoid saponins and steroidal saponins. They have foaming capacity. They are produced mainly by plants belonging to classes Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida and marine organisms such as starfish, sponges and sea cucumbers. They are non-essential for basic plant metabolism, however, they are produced as secondary metabolites in plants in the presence of biotic and abiotic stresses. Saponins are found in all parts of the plant, including flower, fruits, stem, leaves, etc. Many plants that have medicinal properties or are part of the human diet contain saponins. Their concentration in a plant depends on the type of tissue, physiology, genetic makeup and environment of the concerned plant. They impart a pungent and bitter taste to plants. Various studies across the globe have shown that saponins are chemopreventive, anti-tumor, antiinflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity in nature. In this chapter, an account of the role of saponins in the prevention and therapy of different health problems, especially cancer in human beings, is presented. This chapter consists of details about the structure, synthesis, sources and biological activities of saponins found in various plant sources used as food. An attempt is also made to compile results from different studies conducted globally to explain the protective and therapeutic effects of saponins.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress as Foe and Friends in Prevention of Cancer]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20130</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer has become a major public health problem and is one of the leading causes of death among humans worldwide. It is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of cells due to failed normal regulatory mechanisms. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathology of many cancers and is characterized by an imbalance between the production and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under normal physiological conditions, the intracellular levels of ROS are steadily maintained to prevent cell damage, and detoxification of ROS is facilitated by various non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. These antioxidants have a widespread application in the prevention of cancer, as many endogenous and exogenous antioxidants can prevent and repair damage caused by disrupted redox status of cells during carcinogenesis. Our body can produce some of the antioxidants, but to obtain the rest of the antioxidants, it relies on external sources, primarily the diet of an individual. Also, there are certain health issues reported with the long-term usage of synthetic antioxidants. Therefore, nowadays, many nutritionists and dieticians suggest consuming food and natural products that are either rich sources of antioxidants or are supplemented with various nature-based antioxidants. This chapter seeks to explain the role of ROS in oncogenesis, understand the dynamics between oxidative damage and the antioxidants, types of antioxidants, natural sources of antioxidants, mode of action of antioxidants and the role of antioxidants in cancer prevention and treatment along with their disputable effects in cancer therapy.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Current Trends in Target-Specific Delivery of Phytomedicine: A Possible Strategy for Cancer Treatment]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20129</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer is a leading source of illness and mortality around the world. Despite the fact that primary cancer treatment has considerably reduced cancer mortality, the survival rate remains low due to tumour metastasis, a variety of adverse medication responses, and drug resistance. Alternative medicines, particularly herbal medications, have piqued the interest of scientists due to their high efficacy and low toxicity. However, their limited water solubility, low stability, poor absorption, and quick metabolism limit their therapeutic usefulness. Due to these constraints, the focus of phytocancer therapy has switched to tailored drug delivery systems. Nanomedicine, which involves using nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles to boost the therapeutic benefits of phytochemicals, has a wide range of uses in cancer treatment. Many challenges in drug delivery to cancer cells can be overcome by using nanoparticulate drug carriers, including improved solubility and bioavailability, drug targeting, reducing adverse effects in non-target organs, high efficacy, low drug resistance, and high drug concentration at the tumour site. The present review entails the most recent advancements in anticancer phytodrug delivery employing nanocarrier-based technologies.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Mechanistic Insight into the Chemotherapeutic Potential of Dietary Phytochemicals]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20127</link><description><![CDATA[Globally, cancer is the main cause of mortality and morbidity. Unfortunately, existing medical procedures are not adequate due to a lack of appropriate therapy, adverse health effects, chemoresistance and disease recurrence. In recent years, epidemiological findings have illustrated the connection between the consumption of several phytochemical-enriched foods and nutrients, and the lower risk of different types of cancer. Natural compounds named ‘phytochemicals’, commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, have shown convincing beneficial biological effects on human well-beings, including curing different types of cancers. Phytochemicals, which are non-nutritive chemicals present in plants, have come up as modulators of essential cellular signaling pathways exerting proven anti-cancer benefits. Dietary phytochemicals have received major interest in chemoprevention as they are thought to be safe for human use. Chemo-preventive agents restrain the growth of cancer either by impeding DNA damage, which contributes to malignancy or by preventing or restricting the division of premalignant cells through DNA damage. Phytochemicals may prevent carcinogenesis by contributing to cell cycle arrest, autophagy and apoptosis. The bioactive compounds have been reported to reverse adverse epigenetic control, including modifying DNA methylation and histone alteration, modulating the expression of miRNA, inhibiting phase I enzymes, and activation of phase II enzymes, scavenging DNA reactive agents, preventing the excessive proliferation of early, preneoplastic lesions, and suppress other properties of the cancer cells. These have all been a part of indirect yet successful and innovative approaches to cancer treatment utilizing phytochemicals.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Allium Species: A Remarkable Repertoire of Nutraceuticals with Anti-cancer Properties]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20126</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer - the name evokes fear and anxiety. Researchers are working tirelessly to bring hope to countless patients by developing prevention and treatment strategies. One approach is dietary modulation - which is documented to reduce the risk of cancer and increase the benefit of anti-cancer therapy. Allium species are a part of the daily diet in most parts of the world. Important members of this genus - chives, garlic, onions, and shallots add flavour and nutrition to food. These are prized for their organosulphur compounds and flavonoid content which are responsible for their diverse pharmacological activities. Traditional and scientific literature shows that dietary intake of Allium species prevents and aids the treatment of different cancers. In this review, based on an extensive search of available databases, the role of Allium species as nutraceuticals for cancer management was examined to ascertain the truth in the popular claims. Preclinical and clinical investigations show that consumption of the Allium members as a part of the diet and also the functional components (e.g., allicin, diallyl disulphide, diallyl trisulphide, ajoene, S-allyl cysteine, S-allyl mercaptocysteine, tuberoside M, onionin A, fisetin, quercetin, etc.) reduce risk of cancer and have significant antitumor activities. These act by varied mechanisms, including inhibition of gene expression, promotion of apoptosis of cancer cells, antiproliferative activity, and anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It is emphasised that standardization of Allium products, their efficacy, dosage, safety profiles and interactions should be ascertained to corroborate their use. This article highlights the importance of Allium species for their prophylactic, therapeutic and immune-boosting ability in cancer management.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Unravelling the Role of Vegetables, Pulses and Spices as Therapeutic and Chemopreventive Agents]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/20125</link><description><![CDATA[Worldwide, cancer has become the most life-threatening disease. The current remedial treatment of cancer includes chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy, stem cell transplant and hormone therapy. Plants produce secondary metabolites in abundance having medicinal properties used for treating various diseases, such as AIDS, diabetes, cancer, inflammation, fever, diarrhoea and bacterial and fungal infections. Naturally derived components are largely considered by scientists and researchers due to their low toxicity and lesser side effects. Functional foods are the food or food components that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Functional foods simply provide nutrients that help to maintain health, thereby reducing the risk of disease. Various vegetables like Asparagus racemosus, Cocos nucifera, Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis, Zingiber officinale, Atrocarpus heterophyllus, etc., pulses, i.e., Cicer arietinum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna radiate, Vigna mungo, etc., and Spices viz., Ferula asafoetida, Piper nigrum, Elettaria cardamomum, Coriandrum sativum, Nigella sativa and Curcuma longa, are explored for their potential role to fight many diseases and anticancer activity. This review aims to highlight the protective and synergistic role of functional foods in cancer prevention.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Subject Index]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19988</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome X]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19986</link><description><![CDATA[X Chromosome is the sex chromosome that is found in many organisms. Both males and females, including mammalians, have X Chromosomes. Females have XX sets of chromosomes, and males have XY sets of chromosomes. X Chromosome aids in identifying the sex of the organism. The Human X chromosome contains approximately 1500 genes. These genes may undergo some genetic alterations and eventually lead to complex diseases. Genetic mutations in some of the genes of the X chromosome are associated with cancer. Some specific mutations are observed in human cancer cells. This chapter specifically relayed on X chromosomal genes that are associated with different types of cancer and gave information on the location of the gene in the X chromosome. Moreover, the function of the specific gene and information regarding how many types of cancers were associated with a particular gene, has also been provided.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 22]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19985</link><description><![CDATA[When the collection of human Chromosome 22 was first suggested in 1999, it became the most extended, non-stop stretch of DNA ever decoded and assembled. Chromosome 22 became the first of the 23 human chromosomes to decode due to its minimal length and affiliation with numerous diseases. Chromosome 22 involves several genes that contribute to cancer genetics in one way or the other. The contribution of chromosome 22 in abnormalities is evident through somatic translocations, germline and somatic, and in certain cases, overexpression of genes. One famous example is the Philadelphia translocation, particularly in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Various gene contributions about types of cancer such as Acute Myeloid Leukemia, colorectal, lung, breast cancer and many more have been reported in studies related to chromosome 22. This chapter takes a run-through of important targeted studies of a gene that facilitates itself as a part of cancer genetics.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 21]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19984</link><description><![CDATA[The significance of human chromosome 21 is that the trisomy of human chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome in children. There are about 235 protein-coding genes on chromosome 21. Mutations like translocation in human chromosome 21 cause different conditions such as partial monosomy 21, core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia, ring chromosome 21, and other types of cancers such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mutation in the DSCAM gene causes mental retardation and facial deformities in down syndrome. The human chromosome 21 also comprises the APP gene, where the expression of the gene causes Alzheimer's disease. The genes that are involved in causing Down syndrome and Alzheimer's diseases are also involved in cancer. This chapter discusses 63 genes of human chromosome 21 that are involved in different types of cancer.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 20]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19983</link><description><![CDATA[Over the years, many scientists and doctors have been treating the deadly disease of cancer but are not able to find a permanent treatment for this disease. Also, sometimes it becomes very difficult to understand the mechanisms and causes of cancer as it is a very complex disease that involves many biological processes. Due to the redundancy in our biological system, cancer progression becomes very easy, thus making it difficult to cure. To find the root cause of this disease, we should know what genetic alterations are undergoing, which is causing cancer to progress, and know who is participating in these alterations, like proteins, signaling pathways, or genes. Cancer is caused due to various reasons; it can be due to genetics but mostly due to carcinogens, causing mutations in the genes, thereby making them an oncogene. The Proto-oncogenes are those genes that usually assist the growth of tumor cells. The alteration, mutation, or increased copy number of a particular gene may turn into a proto-oncogene which could end up completely activated or turned on. Many Tumor-causing alterations or mutations related to oncogenes are usually acquired and not inherited. These tumor-causing mutations often actuate oncogenes via chromosomal rearrangement, or alterations in the chromosome, which sequestrates one gene after another, thereby permitting the first gene to prompt the alternative. Search which genes are involved in different cancer types would help scientists proceed with new methods for finding a cure for this disease. This article will depict which genes and their location on which chromosomes, specifically on chromosome 20, are related to different types of cancer.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 19]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19982</link><description><![CDATA[Gene is considered discrete coding units that contain the information for individual proteins. These lot of genes were combined and named DNA which is tightly coiled many times over the histone protein to form Chromosomes. Humans have got 23pairs of chromosomes, including the sex chromosome. The current study is about the major genes and their functions that are present in chromosome 19. There are approximately 1500 genes present in this chromosome, and changes in chromosome 19 are identified in many cancers. Dislocation of the chromosome, a mutation in genes that are present in a chromosome (rearrangements, deletions, or duplications) of DNA in the chromosome, epigenetic modification, and lifestyle changes are some of the chromosomal abnormalities that are responsible for cancer-causing. These changes will trigger the growth of normal cells and induce cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and TGF-β are responsible for the various cellular functions with the result of autocrine, juxtacrine, intracrine, paracrine, or endocrine. When the dysregulation of these signaling pathways leads to cancer progression and metastasis. Prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, leukemia, and cervical cancer are the major cancers that are caused because of mutation that occurs in chromosome 19.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 18]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19981</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer is an abnormal or unusual growth of cells in the body with invasive and migrating potential. It leads to loss of function, weakens the immune system, and is the second leading cause of death worldwide. This makes it important to eliminate the disease. Genetic predisposition imposes a high relative risk for several kinds of cancer. Inherited genetic mutations are responsible for causing 5 to 10 percent of all cancers. Scientists have investigated mutations in specific genes with more than 50 hereditary cancer syndromes. For this, chromosome 18 was explored for its genes associated with cancer and this study unveiled 30 genes involved in causing cancer. Of these, the genes DCC, EPB41L3, MBD1 PHLPP1, and RBBP8 were the potential tumor suppressors. This chromosome consists of the target genes of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway. The SMAD family genes (SMAD4, SMAD7, and SMAD2) are encoded by this chromosome, of which SMAD4 acts as a tumor suppressor. SERPINB5 and TCF-4 were the potential oncogenes. The enzyme coded by TYMS was a potential therapeutic target for chemotherapy. Several fusion genes of this chromosome (SS18-SSX2B, SS18-SSX2, and SS18-SSX4) have been identified to cause cancer. Therefore, this chapter provides a summary of the genes in chromosome 18 that are involved in the initiation and proliferation of cancer and provides an insight into the potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for clinical application to develop a cancer-free world.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 17]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19980</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer is a disease in which the body's cells divide disorderly and are likely to spread to other organs. It has always been one of the world's top causes of death. A growing population, low mortality rate, and lifestyle changes lead to an increase in the number of cancer cases. It can be caused by genetic or environmental factors or a combination of both. The risk of cancer increases with age as the body loses its ability to eliminate the damaged cells. Cancer-causing genes can be inherited or acquired due to exposure to carcinogens. Cancers are inherited when a mutation occurs in the germ cells. The carcinogens can alter the DNA of a normal gene (a proto-oncogene) converting it into a cancerous oncogene. Genes that slow cell division, fix DNA errors, or undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) are tumor suppressor genes. Tumor suppressor genes that don't function properly can cause cells to develop out of control, leading to cancer. Cancer expresses itself differently in each individual, making it challenging to identify and treat. Studying the types of genetic mutations, as well as the genes, proteins, and signaling pathways involved in cancer formation will help better understand the underlying cause of cancer. Identifying which genes are expressed in various cancer types will enable scientists to develop novel techniques for curing the disease. This chapter will explain how different cancer types are linked to specific genes and their locations on chromosome 17.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 16]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19979</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer is a heterogeneous disorder with invasive and metastatic potential. It is a deadly disorder affecting 1 in 6 people worldwide. Hence, it is important to eliminate the disease. Genetic alterations remain an underlying cause of cancer, and several gene mutations were involved in causing different types of cancer. Recently, researchers have been investigating the role of genetic mutations in causing cancer. For this reason, the genes associated with chromosome 16 were investigated for their role in causing cancer. This study revealed 70 genes associated with cancer. Of which, the cadherin genes (CDH11, CDH13, and CDH1), AXIN-1, ANKRD11, BANP, CYLD, CBFA2T3, IR8, MVP, MT1F, NQO1 and PYCARD was the tumor suppressor, and the gene MSLN is the potential oncogene. CBFB and MYH11 are well-known fusion genes associated with this chromosome. Loss of heterogeneity was noted in the q arm of this chromosome. The chromosome translocations, t (16;16) (16) (p13q22), t (16;21) (21) (p11;q22), t (12;16) (q13; p13; p11), t(16;21) (p11;q22) and t(7;16) (q33; p11) led to the development of acute myeloid leukemia, leukemia, and sarcoma. Several other genes associated with chromosome 16 responsible for cancer initiation and proliferation are summarized in this chapter. A novel insight into the genetic biomarkers and therapeutic targets has been provided to develop potential therapeutic strategies against cancer.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 15]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19978</link><description><![CDATA[The genomic alteration at chromosome 15 has been widely recognized as the utmost significant and prevalent alteration in several cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, colorectal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, myeloma, pituitary adenomas, etc. Emerging reports suggest that the abnormalities of prime genes in chromosome 15 have drastic effects on tumor development and progression, and can be candidate biomarkers of disease prognosis, disease progression, and response to treatment. The translocations involving chromosome 15 and other chromosomes have been found in tumors, including mucoepidermoid carcinomas, mixed-lineage leukemia, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, sarcoma, lung adenocarcinoma, melanoma, brain cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, spitz tumor, congenital mesoblastic nephroma, papillary thyroid cancer, pontine glioma tumors, and acute promyelocytic leukemia. The tumor suppressor genes such as C15orf65, CSK, CRABP1, DAPK2, FES, GREM1, KNSTRN, NEDD4-1, NTRK3, PML, SPRED1, TPM1, and TCF12 under chromosome 15 play a crucial role by enhancing cellular growth, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, cellular differentiation, and development in various cancer, including colorectal cancer, acute promyelocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, thyroid carcinoma, glioblastoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, chondrosarcoma, cartilaginous cancer, Squamous cell carcinoma, non- small-cell lung carcinomas, mucosal melanoma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Chapter 15 discusses the significance of each important gene under chromosome 15 in mediating oncogenesis. The elevated or attenuated expression levels of these cardinal genes can either act as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. Thus, shedding light on these genes would be a game changer in the field of cancer genetics and theragnostic.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 14]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19977</link><description><![CDATA[Cancer genetics has focused on several mutational events within a tumor cell for many years. Recently, the study on cancer genetics has been widened by concentrating on the importance of intercellular communication and epigenetic events causing tumor progression and development. The translocation of genetic material betwixt chromosome 14 and other chromosomes may engender the formation of various types of tumors. Recent studies emphasize that these chief translocations between two chromosomes may disrupt the genes crucial for controlling cell growth and cell division. The translocations involving chromosome-14 and other chromosomes have been found in tumors including acute myeloid Leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute bilineal leukemia, follicular lymphoma, small cell lung cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma and multiple myeloma. The tumor suppressor genes, such as ARID4A, ARID4B, BCL11B, BMP4, CCNB1IP1, CEBPE, DICER1, DLK1, ESR2, FOXN3, HIF1A, MAX, MEG3, NDRG2 and TTF-1/NKX2-1 under chromosome 14, play a hypercritical role by enhancing cellular differentiation, migration, proliferation, metastasis, invasion, cellular growth, and development in several tumors, including breast cancer, pancreatic tumor, osteosarcoma, lung cancer, endocrine tumor, T-ALL, cystic nephroma, Hodgkin lymphoma, pleuropulmonary blastomas, Sertoli Leydig ovarian tumors and rhabdomyosarcoma. Chapter 14 meticulously discusses the importance of each predominant gene under chromosome 14 in mediating tumorigenesis. In cancer genetics, these cardinal genes play a crucial role by acting as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor in several cancers. Thus, targeting these tumor-causing genes would provide a breakthrough in cancer biology and oncology when concerned with future perspectives.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 13]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19976</link><description><![CDATA[Chromosome 13 represents around 4 percent of the total cellular DNA with 115 million base pairs. It is home to various tumor suppressors and oncogenes, such as ADP ribosylation factors like GTPase-11 (ARL11), Retinoblastoma-1 (RB1), Ras-related protein Rap-2a (RAP2A), etc. Most of the somatic mutations in this chromosome lead to cancer development. Further, deletion in this chromosome has been reported to support the cancer of leukemias, lymphomas, etc. In this chapter, we have tried to list cancer-causing genes and their possible oncogenesis in cancer development.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Naturally Occurring Chromene Containing Molecules and their Isolation Protocols]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19915</link><description><![CDATA[Natural products have been used as major sources of therapeutic agents in drug discovery since the ancient eras. Natural products have been widely studied in the physical and biological sciences, including nutrition, health, bio-medical, and other interrelated sciences. Because of their unique chemical diversity and bioactivity, they have continued to offer templates for the development of novel forms of drugs. In the field of traditional medicine, natural products have been used for a very long time in the form of decoctions, medicinal extracts, infusions, or other therapeutic preparations. Chromene is one of the essential chemical constituents, derived from the conversion of multiple biosynthetic pathways present in the plant as well as animal kingdoms, which represents a remarkable group of structurally varied secondary metabolites. The scaffold is considered an important class of oxygenated heterocyclic compounds as two forms of 2H/4H-chromene (2H/4H-Ch) with versatile biological profiles. Chromenes are the basic backbone of various polyphenols, alkaloids, tocopherols, anthocyanins, etc. Crotin, Crotaramine, Dysoline, Malachromone, Oxalicumones A-C, Khellin, Baicalin, Diosmin, etc. are some examples of naturally isolated chromene fused compounds that are reported for the treatment of diverse health ailments. Their unique structure and varied pharmacological activities may provide new leads for the discovery of drugs with their action. In recent years, the need to develop effective and selective methods for the extraction and isolation of new natural products has been increasingly felt. This chapter presents the extraction, isolation, and characterization processes of the chromenes by the natural sources, illumination of the structures of purified chromenes, and their bioactivity.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Overview of Cancer]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19884</link><description><![CDATA[The characteristics of cancer cells are continuous cell growth due to their non-responding nature to the signals of stopping the growth or apoptosis, the ability to spread in other parts of the body, and immortality of cells because of their capacity to restore their telomeres. The clinical features depend on the size and location of cancer and the presence or absence of metastasis. Local and systemic symptoms rely on the tumor mass and the body’s response to cancer, respectively. Cancer is classified according to the tissue involved, like Carcinomas, Sarcomas, Myeloma, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Germ cell tumor, and blastoma. The globally recognized standard to classify the extent of cancer spread is called T.N.M. Classification. It applies to many solid tumor cancers but is not relevant to leukemia and the central nervous systems tumor. The tumor can be diagnosed with tests like mammograms, Pap smears, Tumor markers, Bone scans, MRI, Tissue biopsies, and PET-CT scans. The treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer and the patient's overall health. Common treatment modalities are surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Other treatments are targeted/biological therapies, hematopoietic stem cell transplants, angiogenesis inhibitors, cryosurgery, and photodynamic therapy. Every treatment has its risks, benefits, and side effects.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Plant Cardenolides: Multifunctional Medicinal Agents]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19784</link><description><![CDATA[Cardenolides are a class of compounds steroidal in nature, belonging to the cardiac glycoside group of secondary metabolites. They consist of a sugar part and a non-sugar part consisting of a steroidal cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring with lactone substitution at the β-17 position. Cardenolides are found in angiosperm plant families like Plantiginaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, Brassicaceae, Cruciferae, Liliaceae, Moraceae, Ranunculaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. These include some important glycosides, such as digitoxin, digoxin, Ouabain, Calotropin, etc. with profound pharmacological potential. Moreover, cardenolides have toxic effects for which these have been used in poison arrows and for self-harm purposes. Traditionally, these were used to treat congestive heart failure. However, recently they have emerged as promising agents to exhibit anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and various other therapeutic roles. Cardenolides like Digoxin and Digitoxin have been used in the treatment of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Toxicarioside A, and Calotropin have been reported to suppress tumor growth and are used as anticancer agents, Strophalloside and Oubain are reported to be involved in apoptosis. Oleandrin is an antiproliferative agent and can inhibit IL-8 which is responsible for cystic fibrosis.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Terpenes, Terpenoids and Steroids: Properties, Biosynthesis and Functions]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19778</link><description><![CDATA[Terpenes belong to the largest class of secondary metabolites consisting of five carbon isoprene units which are assembled through innumerable patterns generating diverse structural motifs. Terpenes are linear or cyclic hydrocarbons, whereas terpenoids are oxygen-containing terpene analogues found in all living organisms. Steroids are a subclass of terpenoids that are biosynthesized from terpene precursors. Terpenes, terpenoids and steroids are all derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and arranged in different ways generating thousands of structurally varied molecules. Terpenes and terpenoids are widely explored as biomaterials and biofuels while steroids are used as drugs to increase protein synthesis in animals besides their anti-inflammatory, anticancer and other properties. In this chapter, we discuss the properties, functions and biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids in general and steroids in particular to better understand their functions and prospective applications.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Extraction and Application of Plant Exosomes]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19749</link><description><![CDATA[Plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles secreted by plant cells, with a lipid bilayer as the basic skeleton, which encapsulates various active substances such as proteins and nucleic acids. Plant exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by plant cells, containing DNA, small RNA, sRNA, microRNA, miRNA and proteins, which mediate cell-to-cell communication. Plant exosomes play anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-fibrosis, anti-tumor and other roles through the substances contained in them, and participate in the defense response to pathogen invasion. Plant exosome nanoparticles are mostly edible and can be used as delivery vehicles for specific drugs without toxicity or side effects. In this chapter, the recent literature reports on plant exosomes are reviewed, and the sources and functions of plant exosomes are summarized and analyzed.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials via Plant Extracts]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19746</link><description><![CDATA[Nanoparticles (NPs) have become a hot research material in many fields, such as catalysis, sensing, clinical diagnosis, medical treatment, antimicrobial agents, and environmental remediation, due to their small size, high surface area, high reactivity, and unique optical, electrical, and thermodynamic properties. The type, morphology, size, and surface function modification of NPs determine their performance and application scope. The development of green, simple, and controllable NP synthesis methods is an important research direction at present. The biosynthesis of NPs is a kind of green synthesis method that uses organisms or biomolecules to reduce NP precursors. The reaction conditions are mild, the energy consumption is low, and there is no need for expensive equipment or harmful chemicals. It has been developed into an important branch of nanobiotic technology. This chapter summarizes the latest progress in the synthesis of NPs from different plant tissue extracts. It also summarizes the biosynthesis mechanism and application of NPs, analyzes the main problems faced by the biosynthesis method, and prospects its future research direction.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 12]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19711</link><description><![CDATA[Chromosome 12 spans about 134 million DNA building blocks and represents approximately 4.5 percent of the total cellular DNA. Gene dysregulation from chromosome 12 has triggered a cell to transform into a cancerous cell. Different types of genes are present in chromosome 12 that cause colon cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, ampulla of Vater cancer (Vater cancer), etc. These genes play their role in the development and the progression of cancer into metastasis, Epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and overall cancer growth. In this chapter, we have enlisted the genes responsible for cancer and their short introduction.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 10]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19709</link><description><![CDATA[Chromosome 10 contains various genes that are significantly involved in tumorigenesis. These genes described herein that play roles in cancer comprise receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFR2), proto-oncogenes (FRAT1, RET), tumor suppressor genes (PTEN, KLF6), and also genes involved in signal transduction (MAPK8), gene fusions (CCDC6, KIF5B, VTI1A), developmental processes (GATA3, NODAL), Epithelial- Mesenchymal transition (ZEB1, VIM) and epigenetic regulation (MLLT10). This chapter provides a compilation of many such genes from Chromosome 10 that are associated with cancer, with vivid delineations of the underlying molecular mechanisms of each gene in its contribution to cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Genes that are insufficiently investigated but implicated in tumorigenesis have also been described in this chapter.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 9]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19708</link><description><![CDATA[Chromosome 9 represents approximately 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells, and it’s a submetacentric type of chromosome. Chromosomal abnormalities in chromosome 9 have been reported in different kinds of cancer, for example, deletion of the long-q arm, a fusion of ABL1 with BCR results in the ABL1-BCR fusion gene, etc. Bladder cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia, etc., are several cancer types resulting from genetic changes in the genes present in chromosome 9. Dysregulation of the tumor suppressor genes or activation of the oncogene from chromosome 9 has supported the normal cell’s transformation. Here, we have listed a few top genes reappearing themselves as causative agent for cancer development in cancer and types of cancer.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 8]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19707</link><description><![CDATA[Chromosome 8 spans more than 146 million DNA base pairs, and represents between 4.5 and 5 percent of the total DNA in cells. Sixteen percent of these genes and their mutations have been identified to play a role in cancer development. Cancer is a genetic disease at the somatic cell level. Multiple gene mutations usually precede them throughout one’s life. Oncogenes such as Myc, Lyn, Atad2, etc., from chromosome 8 promoted cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. The increased expression of these proteins can transform a normal cell into a cancer cell. Chromosome 8 also houses multiple tumor suppressor genes, such as Dlc1, E2f5, Gata4, Ido1, etc. These proteins, when expressed, reduce the chances of tumor initiation within cells. Thus, mutations leading to the reduced expression of these genes are associated with multiple cancers. Mutation of other functional genes like Ank1, Ctsb, Ext1, Il7, etc., has also been implicated in various cancers for their role in increasing the invasive nature of cancers by regulating angiogenesis and facilitating cancer metastasis. Cancers can also stem from the translocational mutations of genes in chromosome 8. This chapter explains essential cancer genes, genetic mutations, and gene variations that can cause an increased risk of cancer and its progression.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 7]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19706</link><description><![CDATA[Chromosome 7 consists of 159 million base pairs, and around 950 genes, representing at least 5 percent of the entire DNA in a cell. Various genes that regulate cell division and cellular growth are present in Chromosome 7. Aberrations in these genes can therefore lead to tumorigenesis. Lymphomas and Leukemia have been frequently correlated with abnormalities on chromosome 7. Aberrations in chromosome 7, such as aneusomy in prostate cancer, gene amplifications in gastric cancer, and chromosomal gain in glioblastoma, are some of the starkly real ramifications of genetic abnormalities on chromosome 7. Numerous essential genes from Chromosome 7, including ABCB5, BRAF, CDK6, EGFR, ETV1, EZH2, IL6, and TWIST1, involved in cancer have been explained in this chapter.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 6]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19705</link><description><![CDATA[Chromosome 6 is among the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans and it spans about 170 million base pairs. Several cancer genes have been identified to have a role in cancer development. Cancer is also a genetic disease caused due to changes in the genes that control cell function, such as cell division and cell growth. Most of these cancer genes either act as tumor suppressors or possess an oncogenic potential. Oncogenes like ROS1, MYB, HMGA1, etc., induce tumorigenesis by playing a role in DNA repair, replication, transcriptional regulation, and mRNA splicing. When these genes are highly expressed, they result in the transformation of normal cells to malignant cells; on the other side, tumor suppressor genes like IGF2R, AIM1, IRF4, etc., reduce tumorigenicity and invasive potential. Thus, reduced expression of these genes due to loss of heterozygosity, deletion or any epigenetic modifications can induce tumor formation. Also, some genes can either suppress or induce tumor formation given the cellular location and condition, such as CCN2, TNF, etc. Along with these, different types of structural abnormalities can be observed on chromosome 6, such as chromosomal translocation, deletion, duplication, and inversion. These abnormalities on both p and q arms have been known to contribute to the growth and spread of cancer by impacting the expression of cancer genes. Aberrant expression of the genes can also be influenced by fusions, missense mutations, non-missense mutations, silent mutations, frame-shift deletions, and insertion at the molecular level. Some genes can maintain stem-cell-like properties by regulating the expression of cell surface markers like Oct4, Nanog, Sox4, etc. This chapter explains important cancer genes, genetic mutations, and gene variations that can influence the risk of having cancer and induces cancer formation.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 5]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19704</link><description><![CDATA[Chromosome 5 presents an extensive collection of genes, and includes several cancer-associated ones. The contribution of chromosome 5 in abnormalities is evident through somatic translocations, germline, somatic, and, in some instances, expression of genes. Various syndromes are associated with chromosome 5, such as 5q minus syndrome, leading to the development of acute myeloid leukemia, PDGFRBassociated chronic eosinophilic leukemia contributing to acute myeloid leukemia, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Studies propose that a few genes on chromosome 5 play important roles withinside the increase and department of cells. When chromosome segments are deleted, as in a few instances of AML and MDS, those crucial genes are missing. Without those genes, cells can develop and divide too speedy and in an out-o- -control way. Researchers are trying to perceive the genes on chromosome five that might be associated with AML and MDS.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 3]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19702</link><description><![CDATA[Myriad genes in the genome have been implicated in cancer. However, a focused compilation of genes from the same chromosome would provide a valuable detailed yet succinct catalog for researchers, advantageous in quickly understanding the leading roles played by these genes in cancer. This chapter fulfills the above aim of furnishing a pocket dictionary- like a concise yet meticulous explanation of many genes from Chromosome 3, describing these genes’ functional essentialities in various cancers. Such a judicious collection of genes from a single chromosome is probably the first of its kind. The multiple inputs in this chapter from Chromosome 3 include oncogenes (BCL6, RAF1), tumor suppressor genes (SRGAP3, FHIT), transcription factors (FOXP1, MITF), fusion genes (MECOM), and many other types. With approximately 1085 genes spanning 198 million base pairs, Chromosome 3 constitutes 6.5% of the total DNA.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 2]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19701</link><description><![CDATA[The human chromosome 2 was formed by a head-to-head fusion mutation caused by two chromosomes of our ancestors. The gorilla and chimpanzee contain 48 chromosomes in contrast to 46 chromosomes in humans. Ten million years ago, the two chromosomes of apes underwent telomere-to-telomere fusion that gave rise to human chromosome 2. Apart from the exciting history, the human chromosome 2 is involved in various genetic conditions caused due to chromosomal deletions and duplications, leading to SATB2 (Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2)-associated syndrome, MBD5 (Methyl-CpG-binding domain 5)-associated neurodevelopmental disorder, 2q37 deletion syndrome, partial trisomy 2, myelodysplastic syndrome as well as cancer. These mutations cause different human abnormalities, such as craniofacial anomalies, cleft palate, genitourinary tract anomalies, microcephaly, hypotonia, heart defects, anemia, and myeloid malignancies. This chapter discusses 50 genes of human chromosome 2 involved in various cancer types.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Chromosome 1]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19700</link><description><![CDATA[Chromosome 1 is the largest human chromosome, constituting approximately 249 million base pairs. Chromosome 1 is the largest metacentric chromosome, with “p” and “q” arms of the chromosome almost similar in length. Chromosome 1 abnormalities or inclusion of any mutations leads to developmental defects, mental, psychological, cancer, etc., among the most common diseases. 1/10th of the genes in chromosome 1 have been reported its involvement in cancer growth and development. These cancer genes result from chromosomal rearrangement, fusion genes, somatic mutations, point mutation, gene insertion, gene deletion, and many more. Some of these cancer-causing genes appear to be involved in cancer more often, and other novel genes are also enlisted in this chapter.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Anti-trypanosomatid Drugs/Candidates in Clinical Trials: What's New and What's Missing?]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19610</link><description><![CDATA[Parasites and infectious agents are responsible for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that affect many countries worldwide. At least one NTD is found 149 countries, mostly in low-income countries with poor sanitation, and it impacts over a billion people. According to the World Health Organization, trypanosomiasis is a group of protozoan infections that cause Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness - <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> rhodesiense or <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> gambiense), and <i>Leishmaniasis</i> (<i>Leishmania</i> spp. - Trypanosomatidae family), which are all considered NTDs. It is estimated that approximately 500,000 deaths from NTD infections occur annually worldwide. Despite the many cases associated with NTDs, treatments for most of these diseases are available. However, they are associated with significant adverse effects and a growing number of drug-resistant microorganisms and require parenteral administration. Besides that, many trypanosomatid diseases are zoonotic, making eradication extremely difficult. In this way, despite scientific progress over the years, some drug discovery goals remain unmet, such as the development of new therapeutic classes, reduced toxicity, improved administration regimens, or the development of combination therapies. Therefore, this chapter intends to present the six categories of drugs,<i> i.e</i>., the currently used therapeutic agents, nitroaromatic compounds, azole antifungal, benzoxaboroles, nitrogen heterocycles, and miscellaneous agents in clinical trials for NTDs, focusing on infections caused by trypanosomatids. In addition, the review approach presents the development process of the new drugs or treatment regimens in Phase I, II, III, and IV studies of the clinical trials based on the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) portfolio published in December 2020.<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Subject Index]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19594</link><description><![CDATA[]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Prebiotics and Postbiotics for Anticancer Immunity]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19591</link><description><![CDATA[&nbsp;Cancer remains a daunting task for clinicians and scientists. Many scientists across the globe are toiling in their labs to find an effective and safe treatment modality for cancer. Although significant stride has been achieved in the field of cancer treatment, and millions of precious lives have been saved using available therapeutic strategies, viz. chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biologics and surgical intervention. However, the search for the panacea for cancer is still not over, and new dimensions are being constantly explored. Maneuvering the immune system for controlling and treating cancer is a new fascinating field, and rigorous researches are underway. The importance of anticancer immunity as a promising treatment approach has been recognised even by the Nobel Prize Authority and James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo were jointly awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their revolutionary research in cancer immunotherapy. This chapter discusses the different aspects of immune system response vis a vis cancer development and strategies to manipulate the immune system through prebiotics and postbiotics to control and cure the different types of cancer. Prebiotics and postbiotics are being explored extensively for their role in modifying disease progression and control of cancer. Prebiotics and postbiotics are considered safe alternatives to manipulate the immune system in order to get therapeutic benefits for cancer.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Probiotics-based Anticancer Immunity In Lymphomas]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19588</link><description><![CDATA[The gut microbiome can play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. An imbalance in the gut microbiome can lead to pro-inflammatory immune responses and the initiation of disease processes, including cancer. Lymphocytes play a significant role in the reaction to bacterial colonization, mainly by prompting a safe reaction to initiation. Most immunologically inhabitant cells are continually signaled by dendritic cells or other antigen-presenting cells that collect intestinal samples. Therefore, the microbiota is a pivotal contributor to developing lymphoma, and specific changes to microbiota composition could help prevent the risk. Microbial morphology can affect and control humanoids. The difference in the composition of these microbes is associated with tumor development. Moreover, with the increased exploration and knowledge of the connection between human microbiota and carcinogenesis, the use of these findings to predict, prevent, or diagnose lymphomas has attracted great attention. Probiotics have gained increasing medical significance due to their beneficial effect on the human body, which has been linked to the prevention and support of the treatment of many chronic diseases, including cancer, in the absence of side effects. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy are extensively used for the treatment of lymphomas. But these treatments have various side effects. There is much evidence that probiotics can help in preventing cancer and support anticancer therapy. This chapter presents the latest advances in research into the effectiveness of probiotics in the prevention and treatment support of lymphoma. In addition, the chapter also describes the potential mechanisms of probiotic chemoprevention and the advisability of using probiotics in the prevention of lymphoma.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Biological Importance of Some Functionalized Schiff Base-Metal Complexes]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19579</link><description><![CDATA[Schiff base ligands or compounds are useful in modern inorganic chemistry. Numerous transition metal-based catalysts have been synthesized with Schiff base scaffolds. The application of such Schiff bases is also found in biological studies. Herein, we have discussed the various synthetic procedures of diversified Schiff base compounds and their metal complexes. The biological activity of those complexes has also been delineated in this chapter with special emphasis. Various metal complexes [Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III)] with different Schiff base compounds displayed anti-fungal activity. Similarly, anti-viral activity was seen with Co(II) and Pd(II) metal complexes. Many Schiff base-metal complexes are found, which showed anti-cancer activity against various carcinoma cells like HpG2, MCF-7, A549, HCT116, Caco-2 and PC-3. Similarly, the transition metal complexes (generally 1st and 2 nd row) of Schiff bases also exhibited good anti-bacterial activity against various bacterial strains. The ionic-liquid-tagged Schiff bases have also been found to be good anti-microbial agents<br>]]></description> </item><item><title><![CDATA[Cytotoxic Activity Methods]]></title><link>https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/19559</link><description><![CDATA[Natural products have formed the basis of traditional medicine systems throughout human history. Today, drug discovery studies from natural origins continue rapidly and efficiently with modern methods. Among the many activities, cytotoxic activity is related to the behaviour of test material on cell viability and cellular growth. Cytotoxicity methods, used as a screening test or initial test for guiding other activities, provide useful information for biocompatibility studies for medical devices or materials, drug discovery and development processes, toxicity evaluation of cosmetics, research of disease mechanisms and treatments, and determination of chemopreventive agents. In vitro cytotoxicity analyses have emerged as an alternative to in vivo studies and have become preferable due to their ease of application, standardization, rapid, low cost, and compatibility with data from in vivo studies. With cell-based cytotoxicity studies, basic information about the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of the tested substance is obtained. In studies dealing with natural products, the most appropriate cytotoxic method should be selected according to the properties and chemical structures of natural compounds, the ultimate goal of the study, cell types, etc. Although there are many cytotoxicity methods, this chapter is an introductory overview of the most commonly used assay methods to estimate the cytotoxic activity in natural products.&nbsp;<br>]]></description> </item></channel></rss>