recent decades, thanks to the rapid development of nanotechnology. Their distinctive

physical and chemical qualities, such as minimal size, functionalized surface

characteristics, stable interactions with ligands, high carrier capacity, and ease of

binding with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances have made them ideal

platforms for the target-specific and controlled delivery of micro-and macromolecules

in disease therapy and have revealed an excellent potential pertaining to clinical entities

with the goal of fine-tuning bioavailability, bioefficacy, and pharmacokinetics. The

absorption, post-administration stability as well as bioavailability of bioactive drugs

and other medicinal substances are the key issues. Some critical medications have low

gastrointestinal absorption and permeability in their active form, are inactivated by pH

and temperature fluctuations and cause catastrophic off-target and undesirable side

effects. Certain investigations have also indicated that active efflux mechanisms affect

the absorption of some presently integrated compounds with structural alterations

across the intestinal wall. Furthermore, intestinal bacteria and/or enzymes break down

fragile structures of active substances into a variety of metabolites, each of which has

different bioactivity than the original chemical compound. Nanocarrier-mediated

distribution improved their solubilization potential, changed absorption paths, and

reduced metabolic breakdown by gut bacteria and enzymes. Combining

nanobiotechnology with current therapeutic techniques has shown to be effective in

bringing innovative and previously rejected bioactive substances to the market for

treating a myriad of diseases and disorders. As a result, we predict that nanotechnology

will play a larger role in illness detection and treatment in the future, perhaps helping to

overcome bottlenecks in current medical approaches. This chapter focuses on a

comprehensive discussion of strategies and applications of nanoengineered delivery

systems along with the pharmacokinetic properties and drug-delivery mechanism of these nanocarriers. Probably associated drawbacks, challenges, future advancements,

and scopes of nanocarriers in clinical care are also highlighted.

natural cures and health approaches devoid of synthetic chemicals' adverse effects. The

biological and pharmacological potential of plants is studied and utilized all around the

globe for various purposes including the treatment of infections and diseases owing due

to bioactive compounds in plants produced as a result of secondary metabolism. The

study of medicinal plants is helpful in clinical trials to find pharmacologically useful

chemicals, and this method has produced thousands of valued medicines. Opium,

aspirin, quinine, and digoxin are some examples. Plants possess a large number of

bioactive compounds. On the basis of their chemical structure, they are divided into

four classes: alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. Plants can now be turned into

“factories” that create therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and many more products for use

in the production of biotech pharmaceuticals, medications, and therapies. This chapter

discusses the diversity and importance of medicinal plants in various sectors as well as

highlights the successful drug products produced by the said entities and their future

trends.

have significant importance in medicinal use. Extraction of plant-based compounds is

quite challenging by conventional methods. Biotechnological methods like genetic

engineering and In Vitro techniques, proteomics, genomics and biochemical pathways

are being employed to serve the purpose. Different organic compounds including

enzymes, recombinant proteins, vaccines, antibiotics and anticancer have been

successfully extracted through the genetic transformation of tomato, rice, corn, soybean

and Nicotiana tabacum. This report describes different biotechnological approaches

with a special focus on tissue culture and genetic transformation methods for the

investigation of medicinal plants and their important role in our economic industry.