https://www.benthamscience.com RSS Feed for Disease Wise Article | BenthamScience EurekaSelect (+http://eurekaselect.com) Sun, 10 May 2026 21:18:29 +0000 https://www.benthamscience.com https://www.benthamscience.com https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/22456]]> https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/22384]]> https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/22348]]> https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/22215 https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/22214]]> https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/22213]]> https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/22212]]> https://www.benthamscience.comchapter/22210
1. Determining the appropriate anesthesia technique: Geriatric patients may have decreased organ function and may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of anesthesia. There is ongoing debate about the best anesthesia technique for older adults, with some arguing for the use of regional anesthesia and others advocating for general anesthesia.

 2. Perioperative Beta-blockers: The use of perioperative beta-blockers continues to be debatable. On one hand, evidence suggests beta-blockers may reduce perioperative cardiac events in the elderly. On the other hand, there are concerns and potential risks, especially in this population.

3. Cognitive impairment: Older adults may be at increased risk of delirium and cognitive impairment after surgery. The use of certain medications, such as propofol or midazolam, may increase the risk of cognitive impairment. There is ongoing debate about the best way to minimize the risk of cognitive impairment in older adults.

4. Pain management and Frailty: Geriatric patients may have increased sensitivity to pain and may require higher doses of pain medication. However, older adults may also be at increased risk of adverse effects from pain medications, such as respiratory depression.

 5. Advance care planning and ethical considerations: Geriatric patients may have a higher risk of complications and death after surgery. Advance care planning, such as discussing the patient's goals of care and treatment preferences, can help ensure that the patient's wishes are respected in the event of an emergency. Geriatric patients may have a decreased ability to make decisions about their care due to cognitive impairment or other factors. There is ongoing debate about the best way to obtain informed consent from older adults and ensure that their wishes are respected.

6. Cardiac-related controversies including the use of Aminocaproic Acid in CABG surgeries. There are several studies that have shown reduced bleeding and the need for blood transfusions, while others have raised concerns about an increased risk of adverse events, such as renal failure and thromboembolic events. 
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• Describe the historical background of prostanoids as clinical agents.

• Explain the structure, functions, classifications and biosynthesis of eicosanoids.

• Discuss in detail the chemistry and SAR of the prostanoids involved in the treatment of glaucoma, pulmonary arterial hypertension, peptic ulcer, and other diseases.

 • Delineate the clinical significance and therapeutic evaluations of these classes of drugs by solving case studies.

• Explain the discovery process of latanoprost and zafirlukast.
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• Define and classify hormonal therapy and differentiate between hormonal therapy and treatment.

• Explain all types of hormone replacement therapy including menopausal, androgens, and oral contraceptives.

 • Discuss the use of androgen replacement therapy (ART) in males with low levels of testosterone due to disease or aging.

• Describe gender-affirming hormone therapy such as feminizing hormone therapy and masculinizing hormone therapy. • Identify appropriate growth hormone therapy for growth hormone deficiency.

• Demonstrate understanding of thyroid hormone replacement in hypothyroidism and antithyroid therapy in hyperthyroidism.

• Demonstrate clear guidance to the use of oral contraceptive pills for various purposes including birth control. 
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• Describe the historical background of the anticoagulants, antiplatelets and thrombolytic agents and and related drugs.

• Describe the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics (PK), and adverse drug reaction (ADR) of the anticoagulants, antiplatelets and thrombolytic agents.

• Explain the physiology and pathophysiology of clotting cascades and identify the components of a blood clot. • Classify major anticoagulant drugs and their structures and binding.

• Discuss in detail the chemistry and SAR of these drugs.

• Distinguish among drugs used as antiplatelets, anticoagulants and fibrinolytic agents.

 • Delineate the clinical significance and therapeutic evaluations of these classes of drugs by solving case studies.

• Explain the discovery process of a few specific drugs in these classes. 
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• Describe the historical background the RAS and drugs acting on this system.

• Explain RAS enzymes and hormones and their roles in blood pressure.

• Classify drugs acting on the RAS and their structures and binding.

• Discuss in detail the chemistry and SAR of the antagonists involved in RAS including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and renin inhibitors.

• Delineate the clinical significance and therapeutic evaluations of these classes of drugs by solving case studies.

• Explain the discovery process of ACEIs and ARBs.
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 “Ought we, for instance (to give an illustration of what I mean), to begin by discussing each separate species-man, lion, ox, and the like-taking each kind in hand independently of the rest, or ought we rather to deal first with the attributes which they have in common in virtue of some common element of their nature, and proceed from this as a basis for the consideration of them separately?”

-Aristotle (384 -322 BC), “On the Parts of Animals” 
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With the correct software, huge amounts of data may be handled quickly and without errors. As a consequence of these advancements, which strive to fulfil patients' unique requirements while simultaneously enhancing treatment effectiveness, modern medicine is on the verge of a renaissance. The essential technologies that underpin smart healthcare are briefly described, together with the successes and challenges they have faced, the current status of these technologies in important medical areas, and the possibilities for the future of smart healthcare. Sensors gather data, which is subsequently sent over the internet of things (IoT) to supercomputers and cloud computing for processing and analysis.
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More recent publications have shown that PMN activation is closely linked to the activation of other cells involved in the inflammatory response. For example, during myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury, it has been shown that the activity of neutrophils is also modulated by lymphocytes and macrophages. This chapter summarises the interaction between oxidative stress, activation of different leukocytes and the release of factors involved in the generation of reperfusion injury.
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Sleep medicine remains an interdisciplinary field crossing different specialties but in Nepal, it has become almost a subspecialty of pulmonary medicine in the past few years. Nepal does not have sufficient healthcare resources to deliver the appropriate care to patients with sleep-related disorders because of an inadequate number of physicians trained in sleep medicine. Sleep disorders and sleep medicine as a specialty are under-recognized by both the public and health professionals. The government should rethink policies and redesign the programs to address the evolving syndemic of sleep disorders, metabolic syndrome, and tobacco smoking in Nepal and incorporate sleep medicine in undergraduate and postgraduate medical curricula to address the gap in the clinical care of patients with sleep disorders in Nepal.
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