In the present scenario, the most serious threat to the environment and
worldwide food safety is the anthropological incursion due to rapid development that
has led to severe pollution. Pollutants such as dyes, heavy metals, pesticides, and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can merge into nature in a number of different
modes, both naturally and through human activities. These pollutants majorly
contaminate soil, water, and air through solubilization, precipitation, and accumulation
processes. Various traditional methods such as zeolite adsorption, photocatalysis,
electro kinetics, electrochemical advanced oxidation processes, advanced oxidation
process, electro-coagulation, ozonation, classical Fenton process, and biological
processes are used to overcome the harmful effects of pollutants from the ecosystem,
but they have some limitations due to the generation of hazardous compounds, high
costs, ineffective clean-up methods, and significant capital needs. Hence, presently,
more attention is on alternative methods such as nanobioremediation and
phytonanotechnology due to their more effectiveness and eco-friendly nature to
achieve better outcomes. A relatively new area of nanotechnology called
phytonanotechnology combines nanotechnology and plant biotechnology and aims to
produce nanoparticles (NPs) from natural sources by employing the main accessible
synthesis methods, using fungal mycelial surfaces, plant bacterial culture, and
secondary metabolite extracts. Therefore, it is very crucial to understand these
remediation techniques that avoid the production of harmful by-products during the
synthesis process. This chapter gives a detailed account of the great efficiency of these
methods in environmental remediation.
Keywords: Bioremediation, Environment, Nanoparticles, Pollutant, Phytonanotechnology.
