The smart grid (SG) system is a novel concept that introduced bidirectional
power and communication infrastructure to traditional power grid systems at the
beginning of the 2000s. To make information and communication technologies (ICTs)
available in utility grids at every point throughout the generation, transmission,
distribution, and consumption (GTDC) of power are necessary. This chapter explains
the fundamental elements and cutting-edge technologies that make up SGs, including
sensor networks, intelligent management systems, monitoring, and metering systems,
communication technologies, regulations, standards, and security needs for this idea.
Two-way intelligent communication and real-time measurements are all used in the
“SG”, an electrical distribution system. A safe, secure, dependable, robust, effective,
and sustainable SG is anticipated. Measuring tools like phasor measurement units
(PMUs) could drastically alter how grids are monitored. There are a few obstacles,
though, like managing the massive volume of data and deploying an adequate number
of PMUs. A fundamental need of the SG is communication in both directions. It is
necessary to have a communications network that can handle the data traffic and is
secure, devoted, and capable. Renewable energy inclusion will change the grid's
characteristics. Enhanced distribution-level management and monitoring are necessary,
given the current circumstances.
Keywords: Cyber-physical system, Conventional grid, Smart grid, Smart grid architecture.
