Among the several types of cancers currently, skin cancer has emerged and
risen rapidly in the last decade. The melanoma and non-melanoma typescontribute
mainly to skin cancer and are considered metastatic and deadly. Extreme exposure to
ultraviolet radiation (depletion of the ozone layer or industry exposure) leads to an
enormous rise in cases of skin cancers. The previous therapy includes surgery,
chemotherapy, and radiation,which are invasive methods and greatly associated with
several adverse effects on healthy tissues. The current review aims to explore the
identification of novel biomarkers (miRNA, circulating tumor DNA, S100 Family,
Exosomes, Ki-67, KIT, p63, 5-S-Cysteinyldopa) and nanotechnology-based approaches
for the prevention, prognosis, diagnosis, and effective therapy for all types of skin
cancers. Several biomarkers are capable of recognizing the presence of melanoma
thereby improving survival. The lipid-based nanocarriers (liposomes, SLN, NLC) serve
as the best carrier for hydrophobic drugs and also provide biocompatibility and stability
to the antitumor agents for topical delivery. Vesicular nanocarriers (niosomes,
ethosomes, Transferosomes, etc.) are gaining significance because of nano size, higher
penetration ability through stratum corneum, greater stability, and non-toxicity. The
prompt recognition of melanoma or non-melanoma types through novel biomarkers
significantly enhances the survival rate in many patients. Upon identification, the
nanocarrier-based approaches show marked efficacy in treating several types of skin
cancer.
Keywords: Ethosomes, Liposomes, Melanoma, Nanostructured lipid carrier, Niosomes, Skin cancer, Solid lipid nanoparticles.
