Medicinal Chemistry for Pharmacy Students

This chapter is an introduction to the overall role of pharmacist and the significance of medicinal chemistry in pharmacy education. After study of this chapter students will be able to: • Discuss the role of the pharmacist • Highlight the history of medicinal chemistry • Illustrate the relevance of medicinal chemistry in pharmacy education • Recognize the significance of medicinal chemistry in pharmacy education • State important definitions in medicinal chemistry and pharmacy.

This chapter is a brief review of the important organic functional groups and biomolecules. After study of this chapter, students will be able to: • Identify important organic functional groups in any drug structure • Identify major biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids • Apply chemical principles in all four classes of biomolecules • Define monomer units of the biomolecules and their chemical properties • Evaluate the structures of important heterocycles occurring in drugs and biomolecules • Summarize the significance of of biomolecules

This chapter provides a brief review of the concepts of acid-base chemistry with its applications on drug molecules. It also highlights the significance of salt formations in pharmaceutical products. After studying this chapter, students will be able to: • Comprehend the Arrhenius, Brønstead-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases. • Comprehend the ionization, factors controlling ionization, and the acids-base strengths. • Identify the acids and bases occurring in drug molecules and their significance. • Apply the concept of acid-conjugate base and base-conjugate acid in pharmacy. • Apply Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and in pharmacy and drug action and bioavailability. • Interpret pH partition theory and its significance in drug pharmacokinetics. • Illustrate the purpose of salt formation with drug molecules and the acidity or basicity of the salts.

This chapter is brief review of solubility and related concepts, lipid-water partition coefficients and their significance in drug bioavailability. After study of this chapter, students will be able to: • Analyze and predict the solubility of drugs. • Identify factors affecting the solubility of drugs. • Project the polarity, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, lipophilicity of drugs and their influence on solubility. • Predict the water or lipid solubility of drugs from their structures. • Comprehend the concept of partition coefficient. • Apply the concept of lipid water partition coefficient (LWPC) and its significance in drug bioavailability and action.

This chapter is a brief review of the isosterism and steriochemical principles and their applications in drug action. After study of this chapter, students will be able to: • Define isosterism and bioisosterism of drugs and apply these concepts in drug discovery and drug action • Explain how drugs’ spatial factors control their activity • Define important stereochemical parameters in drugs • Assign drugs stereochemistry and apply those in drug action and receptor binding • Explain the basis of the structure activity relationship and mechanism of drug action

This chapter is a brief review of the mechanistic aspects of drug action and discusses the concepts of receptors and drug receptor interactions critical for pharmacological responses of drugs. After study of this chapter, students will be able to: • Discuss about receptors from historical perspectives • Explain the mechanistic principles of drug action in light of receptors • Summarize different theories of drug action such as: - Occupancy Theory - Rate Theory - Induced-Fit Theory - Macromolecular Perturbation Theory - Occupation-Activation Theory of “Two-State” Model • Understand drug receptor interactions

This chapter is a detailed account of drug metabolism, prodrugs and related terminology that are critical knowledge base for pharmacist and pharmacy education. After study of this chapter, students will be able to: • Comprehend the fundamental concepts of drug metabolism • Describe the significance of drug metabolism • Identify key enzymes involved and the sites of drug metabolism • Explain phase I and phase II metabolic pathways, including: ♦ Phase I (Functionalization) - Oxidation of aromatic moieties, olefins, benzylic & allylic C atoms and α-C of C=O and C=N, aliphatic and alicyclic C, C-heteroatom system, C-N (N-dealkylation, Noxide formation, N-hydroxylation), C-O (O-dealkylation), C-S (S-dealkylation, Soxidation, desulfuration), alcohols and aldehydes, and miscellaneous oxidative reactions - Reduction of aldehydes and ketones, Nitro and azo compounds, and miscellaneous reductive metabolisms - Hydrolytic reactions of esters and amides, epoxides and arene oxides by epoxide hydrase ♦ Phase II (Conjugation) - Glucuronic acid conjugation, sulfate conjugation, glycine and other amino acid, glutathione or mercapturic acid, acetylation, methylation - Define and differentiate between prodrug, soft drug and antedrugs - Discuss metabolic routes of some individual drugs

This chapter provides a brief review of the important biosynthetic pathways frequently targeted by pharmaceutical interventions. The biosynthetic pathways discussed in this chapter include: eicosanoid biosynthesis (prostaglandins, prostacyclins and leukotrienes), epinephrine and norepinephrine biosynthesis, folic acid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis (cholesterol, adrenocorticoids and sex hormones) and nucleic acid biosynthesis (purines and pyrimidines anabolism, catabolism and salvages). After studying this chapter, students will be able to: • Highlight important biosynthetic pathways frequently targeted by pharmaceutical interventions • Explain detail chemical steps of each of the biosynthetic pathways • Apply the chemical principles in the regulations of each of the pathways and relevant mechanisms of drug action • Define the monomer units of the biomolecules and their chemical properties • Comprehend the significance of biosynthetic pathways in different diseased states