Children with Down syndrome (DS) are more prone to have respiratory
disorders which can be categorized into congenital structural disorders of the airways
and lungs, acquired disorders, and sleep-related disorders and obstructive sleep apnea.
Children with DS have a high incidence of airway anomalies; both upper and lower
compared to non-DS children. The most important findings are hypoplasia of midface
with dysfunction of malformed Eustachian tube, a short palate, hypoplastic nasal bones,
choanal stenosis, macroglossia, enlarged adenoids and tonsils, lingual tonsils, and
narrow oropharynx, and nasopharynx, abnormal oropharyngeal structures,
laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, congenital subglottic stenosis, tracheo-oesophageal
fistula, bronchomalacia and branching and lung anomalies. Among the acquired
respiratory disorders encountered in children with DS are respiratory infections
including acute bronchiolitis due to infection with respiratory syncytial virus,
pneumonia, infection with H1n1 stains of flu virus, high incidence of acute lung injury,
occurrence of pulmonary hemosiderosis, increase incidence of pulmonary
hypertension, GERD, and the possibility of having asthma. Sleep disorders are
common and important problems, frequently under-recognized in children with DS and
can be a significant distressing factor to their families. The prevalence of these
disorders in children with DS is very high, particularly in boys. Vaccinations help to
prevent a considerable number of infectious diseases. The immune dysfunctions of DS
are not a contraindication for the currently available vaccines: their immunogenicity
and safety are not significantly different from those observed in the general population.
Keywords: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy, Abronchomalacia, Children, Down
syndrome, Esophageal atresia, Glue ear, Immune stimulation, Hypotonia,
Laryngomalacia, Lung hypoplasia, Hypothyroidism, Macroglossia, Pulmonary hypertension, Reflux, Respiratory problem, Subglottic stenosis, Tracheal atresia,
Tracheal bronchus, Tracheoesophageal fistula, Tracheomalacia.