Mitochondria are key organelles with a critical role as the main source of
energy supply. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to several disorders, including
neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and the aging
process. The mitochondrial respiratory chain is the main source of reactive oxygen
species and because it is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, it is also
susceptible to oxidative damage, as well as other biomolecules in the vicinity, such as
mitochondrial DNA. Nitric oxide is also found in the mitochondrial matrix and is
involved in physiological pathways such as induction of apoptosis and generation of
nitrosative stress. In this review we will discuss the complex mechanisms involved in
the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuronal death.
