Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease
associated with progressive decline in cognitive functions. Recent advances have been
made in diagnostic techniques for AD by using Biomarkers. Biomarkers are not mere
indicators of their pathophysiology but are the key to optimizing and making clinical
decisions and therapeutic strategies. Biomarkers have thus become crucial elements in
the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of AD. Early detection of AD is also essential
for interventions, and biomarkers in AD, such as the development of senile plaques
through aggregation of amyloid-beta and neurofibrillary tangle formation through tau
proteins, and in recent years, new trends have been made towards the detection of
Ocular biomarkers are considered important contributors in the diagnosis of AD.
Ocular biomarker is an important biomarker because the nervous system of the eyes is
considered an extension of the CNS. So, biomarkers help in distinguishing the cause of
dementia in cognitive disorders like AD and thereby provide a target for therapeutic
strategies. As the disease progresses, levels of biomarkers can be monitored for clinical
manifestation, thus informing healthcare providers about disease trajectories in patients
and changing the therapeutic approach correspondingly. “For instance, via examination
of the cerebrospinal fluid, neuroimaging, or related techniques, valuable information on
the pathology of AD may be obtained, which helps in tracking neurocognitive decline.
Biomarkers also play a critical role in the assessment of treatment efficacy”. Objective
measures, reduction in amyloid burden as measured by PET scans, can be an indication
of good response to amyloid-targeting therapies and direct further treatment. Further
studies on new biomarkers, including neuroinflammatory markers and genetic variants,
will provide further refinement of personalized treatment approaches, thereby helping
improve the outcomes of the patients. To enhance the appropriate early diagnosis and
proper monitoring plus targeted treatment interventions, these biomarkers should be
integrated into the clinical care of AD. It is now clear from other various studies that
this might change the way AD is treated and improve the standard of care.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, Amyloid-beta, Biomarkers, CNS, CSF, Dementia, Genetic variants, Neuroimaging, Ocular Biomarkers, Tau proteins.
