Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition and
the leading cause of dementia, marked by memory impairment, cognitive deterioration,
and alterations in behaviour. Initially identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1906, the
disorder has since garnered significant attention within the field of neuroscience. The
defining pathological characteristics include the presence of extracellular amyloid-beta
plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau
protein, and extensive neuronal degeneration. On a global scale, AD poses a
considerable public health issue, currently affecting over 55 million individuals with
dementia, a figure anticipated to rise beyond 139 million by 2050 due to the aging
population. The disease predominantly impacts those aged 65 and older, with a higher
incidence observed in women. Contributing factors to the development of AD
encompass genetic vulnerabilities, such as mutations in the allele, alongside modifiable
elements like cardiovascular health, educational attainment, and lifestyle choices. The
economic and social ramifications of AD are significant, with an estimated annual
global expenditure exceeding $1 trillion, which includes healthcare costs, caregiving
expenses, and lost productivity. Furthermore, the emotional toll on families and
caregivers is considerable, often resulting in psychological distress and financial
hardship. Epidemiological research indicates variations in the prevalence and incidence
of AD across different regions, shaped by demographic, cultural, and healthcare-related
factors. Initiatives to combat AD include progress in early diagnostic methods utilizing
biomarkers and neuroimaging, the creation of disease-modifying treatments, and public
health strategies focused on prevention through the management of risk factors. This
review seeks to present a comprehensive overview of the historical context,
epidemiology, and global implications of AD, highlighting the pressing necessity for
ongoing research and international cooperation to address this escalating crisis.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Dementia, Epidemiology, Neuronal degeneration, Neuroscience.
