This narrative review explores Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive
neurodegenerative condition that significantly affects motor function and is associated
with significant neuroinflammatory processes. Activated microglia and astrocytes,
along with the release of inflammatory mediators, trigger neuroinflammation, a crucial
factor in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease. Neuroinflammatory response
biomarkers are important tools for understanding these pathways because they allow
early diagnosis, tracking of disease progression, and judging how well a treatment is
working. They are very important because they reveal factors like cytokines (TNF-α,
IL-1β, and IL-6), markers of microglial activation (TSPO), signs of oxidative stress
(nitric oxide and malondialdehyde), and complement system proteins (C3 and C4).
Examining these biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and blood, along with modern
imaging methods, simplifies the monitoring of inflammation levels in Parkinson's
patients. This helps doctors determine the severity of the disease and identify areas for
future treatment focus. Even though there are issues with biomarker specificity and
repeatability, neuroinflammatory biomarker research is making progress. This can lead
to better diagnosis, more personalized treatment plans, and a better understanding of
how Parkinson's disease works at its core. This review synthesizes current knowledge
on the categorization, functions, and prospective clinical applications of these
biomarkers, concluding that they are crucial for enhancing diagnostic accuracy,
enabling personalized treatment plans, and deepening the fundamental understanding
of Parkinson's disease pathology.
Keywords: Alpha-synuclein, Antioxidants, Biomarkers, Brain imaging, Cellular modifications, Cerebrospinal fluid, Chemokines, Cytokines, Genetic markers, Molecular markers.
