The formation of C-C and carbon-heteroatom (N and S) represents a
fundamental process in organic chemistry, playing a pivotal role in synthesizing a wide
array of organic compounds, with applications spanning from pharmaceuticals to
materials science. Conventional catalytic approaches for C-C bond formation
frequently depend on costly and toxic transition metal catalysts, which raise
environmental and economic apprehensions. However, with the advent of metal oxides,
ion-exchange resins and graphene-based carbocatalysts present a promising alternative
owing to their distinctive attributes, chemical stability, conductivity, and high surface
area. In environmentally sustainable and cost-effective processes, this catalytic method
efficiently enables the formation of a wide range of C–N and C–S containing
compounds across diverse organic synthesis pathways. This book chapter emphasizes
the advancement of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom (N & S) formation through
various types of solid base catalysts.
Keywords: C-C bond formation, C-N bond formation, C-S bond formation, Coupling reactions, Solid base catalysis.
