Pines and Haag were the first to demonstrate the use of heterogeneous base
catalysts in the isomerization of alkenes using sodium metal dispersed on alumina.
Following this, a number of work has been performed on solid bases as catalyst
materials. Metal oxides, zeolites, supported alkali metal complexes, clay minerals,
waste solid base catalysts, mesoporous solid base catalysts, etc., are examples of solid
base catalysts. Precipitation, co-precipitation, sol-gel, hydrothermal, impregnation,
vapor phase deposition, and sonochemical techniques can all be used to create them.
The majority of materials referred to as solid bases exhibit catalytic activity when water
and carbon dioxide are removed from their surfaces. The degree of pre-treatment
conditions influences the surface basic sites' characteristics. In addition to eliminating
carbon dioxide and water, pre-treatment involves the rearrangement of bulk and surface
atoms, which modifies the kind and quantity of basic sites as the pre-treatment
temperature rises. Double bond isomerization, the addition of anion and proton to
various double bonds and alcohol decomposition, hydrogenation, amination,
dehydrocyclodimerization, aldol addition, nitroaldol reaction, michael addition,
conjugate addition of alcohol, cyanoethylation, and Tischenko reaction are among the
reactions that solid base catalysts can catalyze. Solid base catalysts play a crucial
function in industrial processes due to their varied application.
Keywords: Alcohol decomposition, Catalytic activities, Conjugate addition of alcohol, Cyanoethylation, Double bond isomerization, Heterogeneous base catalyst, Isomerization of alkenes, Sodium metal dispersed on alumina, Solid base catalysts, Tischenko reaction.
