The human intestines anchorage a complex of bacterial communities called
gut microbiota. Gut microbiota is a prime regulator that preserves homeostasis in the
intestine and the extra-intestine host-microbial interface. By contrast, the dysregulation
of gut microbiota is accompanied by the assembling of various toxic substances and
oncogenic proteins, which encourage several inflammatory responses and
tumorigenesis. Moreover, gut microbiota correlates with the pathogenesis and
progression of many disease conditions, including diabetes, obesity, inflammatory
bowel diseases, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. Besides that,
different approaches have been intimated for the modulation of gut microbiome
characteristics including treatment with antibiotics, prebiotic and probiotic
supplements, nutritional interventions, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to
control normal homeostasis of gut microbiota. Recently, it has been shown that gut
microbiota has a significant connection to the regulation of the immune system in
pathogenic conditions, and it has been identified as a potent therapeutic biomarker in
the context of immunotherapy. This review emphasized the potential role of gut
microbiome in the regulation of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches. In
connection with this, the recent study has elucidated emerging technologies for gut
microbiome research, immunotherapeutic strategies, and the effects of nanomedicines
on gut microbiota as a future perspective.
Keywords: Culturomics, Fecal microbiota transplantation, Gut microbiota, Homeostasis, Host-microbial interface, Immunotherapy, Immunomodulation, Invitro holobiont system, Metagenomics, Nanomedicines.
