The term “gut microbiota” refers to the group of microbes that reside in the
GI tract, which extends from the mouth to the rectum. The term “microbiome,” which
refers to the substance of these microbes, is also used to describe this collection of
microorganisms. A complex and reciprocal relationship between the stomach and the
central nervous system (CNS), the gut-brain axis influences both health and disease.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, sympatho-adrenal axis, autonomic
nervous system (ANS), enteric nervous system (ENS), and descending monoaminergic
pathways are the routes that are engaged in this communication. Mesenteric lymphoid
tissues can become translocated with compounds produced by gut bacteria and
molecular patterns associated with microbes due to dysbiosis in the gut and a weakened
gut barrier. The complex immunological interaction between the gut bacteria and host
cells allows for their mutually beneficial existence. When commensal bacteria are
present, the gut's immune system must gently maintain equilibrium in order to continue
performing its essential defensive role. Our goal is to understand how gut microbes
relate to neurological conditions, particularly anxiety, depression, Parkinson’s disease,
autism spectrum disorders, and Alzheimer’s disease. Further nutritional therapies can
be utilized to improve overall gut health, induce eubiosis, and alter the composition of
the gut microbiota and associated metabolites in addition to current medicinal
approaches.
Keywords: Autism spectrum disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, Anxiety, Depression, Eubiosis, Gut microbiota, Homeostasis, HPA axis, Immunological interaction, Microbiome, Metabolites, Nutritional, Parkinson’s disease.
