Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a clinical condition
characterized by progressive airflow limitation caused by an abnormal inflammatory
response of the lungs to harmful particles or gases that is not fully reversible. Smoking
is largely responsible for the development of the disease. Systemic inflammation
induced by smoking contributes to the natural history and clinical manifestations of
COPD by causing chronic heart failure, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and other chronic
diseases. MetS is a collection of interrelated clinical and biochemical disorders. MetS
includes abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein
(HDL) (atherogenic dyslipidemia), elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance,
prothrombotic and proinflammatory markers (elevated C-reactive protein (CRP),
fibrinogen, and other coagulation factors) with or without glucose intolerance. In
patients with COPD, one or more components of MetS may be present in comorbidities
that develop as a result of systemic inflammation. The prevalence of metabolic
syndrome in COPD patients was found to be 30% and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes
(T2DM) was found to be between 10-23%. Especially oral steroids used in the
treatment of COPD exacerbations increase the risk of T2DM. Treatment of MetS and
T2DM in patients with COPD does not differ.
Keywords: Comorbidities, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Metabolic syndrome, Smoking, Systemic inflammation.
