The design of materials for various biomedical applications is truly
challenging since it demands exceptional characteristics such as biocompatibility,
biodegradability, non-cytotoxicity, adequate strength, etc. Several strategies have been
developed for the synthesis of nanoparticles based on chemical methods. However, the
toxicity limits their applications in biological systems. So researchers are looking for
materials that can fulfill green criteria in the sense that they should be renewable,
harmless to human health, and environment friendly. Recently, the evolution of
nanomedicine led to explore the possibilities of different types of nanomaterials in
various applications. Nanoscale polymeric materials and polymer nanocomposites have
already proved their versatility in various biomedical applications. This chapter
presents a brief overview of the potential of biobased nanomaterials and nanofillers
such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, hydroxyapatite, nanotubes, graphene,
chitin whiskers, lignin, nano cellulose, etc. and their pros and cons when used in the
biomedical field. Bio-based polymers are promising candidates for the next generation
nanocomposite materials due to their multi-functionality, renewability, low toxicity and
excellent biocompatibility. The chapter begins with the state of the art including the
recent developments in the biomedical field and finally, the challenges and future
potential of various nanoparticles and polymer nanocomposites are also discussed.
Keywords: Biomedical applications, Biopolymers, Chitosan, Nano cellulose, Nanoparticles, Polymer nanocomposites.
