Introduction

Abstract

The use of the effective stress principle led to a general theory for the strength and volumetric behavior of saturated soils. Presently, all constitutive models for saturated soils are based on this principle. In 1959, Bishop proposed an equation for the effective stress of unsaturated soils. However, it was severely criticized because it could not explain by itself the phenomenon of collapse upon wetting. Moreover, an analytical expression for the determination of its main parameter  was not provided, and in addition, its value could not be easily determined in the laboratory. Since then, several equations to determine the value of parameter  have been proposed. Sixty years later, it is acknowledged that Bishop’s effective stress equation can be employed to simulate the behavior of unsaturated soils when it is complemented with a proper elastoplastic framework.

Keywords: Air pressure, Collapse, Constitutive model, Effective stress parameter, Effective stress, Elastoplastic framework, Independent stress variables, Pore water pressure, Saturated soil, Shear strength, State surface, Suction, Total stress, Unsaturated soil, Volumetric behavior.