In this chapter, toxicity of molecules is described. The toxicity of pesticides to an organism is
usually expressed in terms of the LD50 (lethal dose 50 percent) and LC50 (50 percent lethal
concentration). And the interaction of toxic chemical with a given biological system is dose-related. So,
it is the dose which makes substances poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy. At
high doses, all the chemicals are toxic, at appropriate intermediates doses they are useful and at low
enough doses they do not have a detectable toxic effect. There are certain pesticides (e.g. DDT) known
today, because of the long term exposure to them at doses that do not immediately kill the organism
showed severe effects like Carcinogenic, Mutagenic and Teratogenic effects.
Insects administered chemicals by several methods including topical application, Injection Method, Dipping
Method, Contact or Residual Method, Feeding and Drinking Method. The susceptibility of insect population
to a certain poison is assessed by constructing dosage-mortality curve in which the logarithmic scale of
dosages is plotted against the probit units of percent mortalities at a given period of time.
Keywords: LD50; LC50; ED50; NOAEL; LOAEL; Dose; Carcinogenicity; Mutagenicity; Teratogenicity;
Mode of action.