Introduction
The increasing need for portable medical devices for continuous health monitoring has driven advancements in wearable biosensors. These non-invasive sensors provide real-time physiological tracking, reducing healthcare costs while improving patient outcomes. Integrated into body-worn devices, they collect biofluids—such as sweat, saliva, interstitial fluid, tears, and blood—playing a crucial role in disease diagnosis, health management, and early intervention.
Electrochemical biosensors are transforming wearable healthcare with their exceptional sensitivity, miniaturization, portability, and cost-effectiveness. Employing techniques such as potentiometry, amperometry, and impedometry, these sensors allow a precise detection of both electroactive and non-electroactive biomarkers with indirect strategies like enzymatic or aptamer-based methods. The integration of biocompatible nanomaterials enhances sensor performance while ensuring safety and comfort for continuous wear.
This review examines advancements in wearable electrochemical biosensors, focusing on detection strategies, nanomaterials, and emerging trends. It also addresses future challenges, including stability, power efficiency, data integration, and scalability, shaping the next generation of diagnostic technologies.
Keywords
Electrochemical biosensors, Wearable sensors, Biocompatible nanomaterials, Direct detection, Indirect detection, Real-time monitoring, Wearable diagnostics, Smart healthcare
