Protease Inhibitors for the Treatment of HIV/AIDS: Recent Advances and Future Challenges

Chandrashekhar       Voshavar
doi:10.2174/1568026619666190619115243
Abstract

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic disease characterized by multiple life-threatening illnesses caused by a retro-virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV infection slowly destroys the immune system and increases the risk of various other infections and diseases. Although, there is no immediate cure for HIV infection/AIDS, several drugs targeting various cruxes of HIV infection are used to slow down the progress of the disease and to boost the immune system. One of the key therapeutic strategies is Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) or ' AIDS cocktail' in a general sense, which is a customized combination of anti-retroviral drugs designed to combat the HIV infection. Since HAART’s inception in 1995, this treatment was found to be effective in improving the life expectancy of HIV patients over two decades. Among various classes of HAART treatment regimen, Protease Inhibitors (PIs) are known to be widely used as a major component and found to be effective in treating HIV infection/AIDS. For the past several years, a variety of protease inhibitors have been reported. This review outlines the drug design strategies of PIs, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of some mechanism-based inhibitors, summarizes the recent developments in small molecule based drug discovery with HIV protease as a drug target. Further discussed are the pharmacology, PI drug resistance on HIV PR, adverse effects of HIV PIs and challenges/impediments in the successful application of HIV PIs as an important class of drugs in HAART regimen for the effective treatment of AIDS.
Keywords: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Human immunodeficiency virus, Protease inhibitors, Antiretroviral drugs, Drug discovery, AIDS therapy.
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Graphical Abstract

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DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666190619115243	Print ISSN 1568-0266
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1873-4294
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