Title:Sex Impact on Biomarkers, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Volume: 24
Issue: 24
Author(s): Flavia Franconi and Ilaria Campesi*
Affiliation:
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100 Sassari,Italy
Keywords:
Sex differences, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, biomarkers, opioids, pregnancy.
Abstract: Sex is one of several factors influencing pharmacological responses, but research
on its effects on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, although emerging remarkably,
remains poor and contains many methodological issues. In this review, the current state of
knowledge about sex differences in pharmacokinetics and some hints to pharmacogenomics
were evaluated. Moreover, considering that many pharmacological responses are monitored
through biomarkers, the influence of sex on some biomarkers has been reported. Finally, we
report sex differences in pharmacodynamics, particularly analysing opioids and their use
during pregnancy, labor and breastfeeding. In conclusion, a more precise sex- and genderbased
approach appears necessary to achieve more evidence-based therapy in men and
women.
