Login Register Cart 0
Current Hypertension Reviews

Current Hypertension Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4021
ISSN (Online): 1875-6506

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Advancing Pediatric Hypertension: Mechanism Insights, Clinical Trials and Innovation

Author(s): Monika Verma, Smita Narwal*orcid of author, Gurvirender Singhorcid of author, Nisha Grewalorcid of author, Neha Yadav, Dushyantorcid of author and Ashwani K. Dhingraauthors OrcID

Volume 21, Issue 4, 2025

Published on: 27 August, 2025

Page: [217 - 230] Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/0115734021400792250807110550

Price: $65

Become a Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer
Become a Editor
Become a Section Editor

Abstract

Pediatric hypertension (PH) is an emerging global public health issue, increasingly linked to genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Early-onset hypertension is associated with progressive long-term cardiovascular problems. This overview outlines the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, treatment modalities, and current clinical studies related to hypertension in children and adolescents. A methodical search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using specific preset keywords. Recent high-quality peer-reviewed studies, trials, and reviews from the past decade were highlighted. The primary factors are genetic predisposition, renal artery stenosis, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), obesity, metabolic syndrome, and sodium excess. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and pharmacological intervention with ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, and diuretics. Recent clinical trials have provided insights into the safety and efficacy of therapies. The effective management of pediatric hypertension relies on prompt identification and individualized treatment. In future studies, priority should be given to precision medicine, long-term follow-up data, and the utilization of technological resources for surveillance.

Keywords: Pediatric hypertension, epidemiology, pathophysiology, hypertension, management, clinical trials.

« Previous Next »

Graphical Abstract

Graphical abstract illustrating key findings of the study

[1]
Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16(4): 223-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2] [PMID: 32024986]
[2]
Khoury M, Khoury P, Bazzano L, et al. Prevalence implications of the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics hypertension guideline and associations with adult hypertension. J Pediatr 2022; 241: 22-28.e4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.09.056] [PMID: 34619113]
[3]
Sharma AK, Metzger DL, Rodd CJ. Prevalence and severity of high blood pressure among children based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines. JAMA Pediatr 2018; 172(6): 557-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0223] [PMID: 29710187]
[4]
Muntner P, Carey RM, Gidding S, et al. Potential US population impact of the 2017 ACC/AHA high blood pressure guideline. Circulation 2018; 137(2): 109-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032582] [PMID: 29133599]
[5]
Song P, Zhang Y, Yu J, et al. Global prevalence of hypertension in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2019; 173(12): 1154-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3310] [PMID: 31589252]
[6]
Liberman JN, Berger JE, Lewis M. Prevalence of antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and dyslipidemic prescription medication use among children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009; 163(4): 357-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.5] [PMID: 19349565]
[7]
Skinner AC, Ravanbakht SN, Skelton JA, Perrin EM, Armstrong SC. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in US children, 1999-2016. Pediatrics 2018; 141(3): 20173459.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3459] [PMID: 29483202]
[8]
Hu K, Staiano AE. Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years in the US from 2011 to 2020. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176(10): 1037-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2052] [PMID: 35877133]
[9]
South AM, Giammattei VC, Bagley KW, et al. The study of the epidemiology of pediatric hypertension registry (SUPERHERO): Rationale and methods. Am J Epidemiol 2024; 193(12): 1650-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwae116] [PMID: 38881045]
[10]
Bendor CD, Bardugo A, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Afek A, Twig G. Cardiovascular morbidity, diabetes and cancer risk among children and adolescents with severe obesity. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19(1): 79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-01052-1] [PMID: 32534575]
[11]
Thomas J, Stonebrook E, Kallash M. Pediatric hypertension. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med 2022; 9(1): 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpam.2020.09.005] [PMID: 35573063]
[12]
Dionne JM, Abitbol CL, Flynn JT. Hypertension in infancy: Diagnosis, management and outcome. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27(1): 17-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-010-1755-z] [PMID: 21258818]
[13]
Meng Y, Mynard JP, Smith KJ, et al. Pediatric blood pressure and cardiovascular health in adulthood. Curr Hypertens Rep 2024; 26(11): 431-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11906-024-01312-5] [PMID: 38878251]
[14]
Benenson I, Waldron FA, Porter S. Pediatric hypertension. Nurse Pract 2020; 45(5): 16-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.NPR.0000660332.31690.68] [PMID: 32271260]
[15]
Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2017; 140(3): 20171904.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1904] [PMID: 28827377]
[16]
Vieux R, Gerard M, Roussel A, et al. Kidneys in 5-year-old preterm-born children: A longitudinal cohort monitoring of renal function. Pediatr Res 2017; 82(6): 979-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pr.2017.148] [PMID: 28665930]
[17]
Macumber I, Flynn JT. Obesity hypertension: Clinical aspects. In: Flynn JT, Ingelfinger JR, Brady TM, Eds. Pediatric Hypertension. Cham: Springer 2023.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06231-5_17]
[18]
Parker ED, Sinaiko AR, Kharbanda EO, et al. Change in weight status and development of hypertension. Pediatrics 2016; 137(3): 20151662.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-1662] [PMID: 26908707]
[19]
Hanevold CD, Flynn JT. Hypertension in children: Diagnosis and treatment InHypertension. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier 2024; pp. 564-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-88369-6.00049-9]
[20]
Sheldon CA, Paley GL, Xiao R, et al. Pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Age, gender, and anthropometric features at diagnosis in a large, retrospective, multisite cohort. Ophthalmology 2016; 123(11): 2424-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.08.004] [PMID: 27692528]
[21]
Gupta-Malhotra M, Banker A, Shete S, et al. Essential hypertension vs. secondary hypertension among children. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28(1): 73-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpu083] [PMID: 24842390]
[22]
Chrysaidou K, Stabouli S. Treatment of hypertension induced target organ damage in children and adolescents. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24(37): 4378-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666181127095450] [PMID: 30479207]
[23]
Göknar N, Çalışkan S. New guidelines for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of pediatric hypertension. Turk Pediatri Ars 2020; 55(1): 11-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14744/TurkPediatriArs.2020.92679]
[24]
Chrysaidou K, Chainoglou A, Karava V, Dotis J, Printza N, Stabouli S. Secondary hypertension in children and adolescents: Novel insights. Curr Hypertens Rev 2020; 16(1): 37-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573402115666190416152820] [PMID: 31038068]
[25]
Silverstein DM, Champoux E, Aviles DH, Vehaskari VM. Treatment of primary and secondary hypertension in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21(6): 820-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-006-0087-5] [PMID: 16703375]
[26]
Havlik RJ, Feinleib M. Epidemiology and genetics of hypertension. Hypertension 1982; 4(5 Pt 2): III121-7.
[PMID: 7049926]
[27]
Biron P, Mongeau JG, Bertrand D. Familial aggregation of blood pressure in 558 adopted children. Can Med Assoc J 1976; 115(8): 773-4.
[PMID: 974967]
[28]
Robinson CH, Chanchlani R. High blood pressure in children and adolescents: Current perspectives and strategies to improve future kidney and cardiovascular health. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7(5): 954-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2022.02.018] [PMID: 35570999]
[29]
Cao Y, Yang S, Yili J, et al. Monogenic Hypertension InSecondary Hypertension: Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment. Singapore: Springer Singapore 2019; pp. 639-81.
[30]
Butler MG. Genetics of hypertension. Current status. J Med Liban 2010; 58(3): 175-8.
[PMCID: PMC5132177]
[31]
Robinson R, Batisky D, Hayes J, Nahata M, Mahan J. Significance of heritability in primary and secondary pediatric hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18(7): 917-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.01.010] [PMID: 16053987]
[32]
Perrin EC, South AM. Correlation between kidney sodium and potassium handling and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in children with hypertensive disorders. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37(3): 633-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-021-05204-7] [PMID: 34499251]
[33]
de Oliveira Campos JL, Bitencourt L, Pedrosa AL, et al. Renovascular hypertension in pediatric patients: Update on diagnosis and management. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36(12): 3853-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-021-05063-2] [PMID: 33851262]
[34]
Singh RK, Meshram RJ, Tiwari A, Singh RK. A review of the mechanism of action of drugs used in congestive heart failure in pediatrics. Cureus 2023; 15(1): 33811.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33811] [PMID: 36819391]
[35]
Guzman-Limon M, Samuels J. Pediatric hypertension. Pediatr Clin North Am 2019; 66(1): 45-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2018.09.001] [PMID: 30454750]
[36]
Dasgupta K, O’Loughlin J, Chen S, et al. Emergence of sex differences in prevalence of high systolic blood pressure: Analysis of a longitudinal adolescent cohort. Circulation 2006; 114(24): 2663-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.624536] [PMID: 17145992]
[37]
Redwine KM, Acosta AA, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ, Samuels J. Development of hypertension in adolescents with pre-hypertension. J Pediatr 2012; 160(1): 98-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.07.010] [PMID: 21868037]
[38]
Falkner B, Gidding SS, Ramirez-Garnica G, Wiltrout SA, West D, Rappaport EB. The relationship of body mass index and blood pressure in primary care pediatric patients. J Pediatr 2006; 148(2): 195-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.10.030] [PMID: 16492428]
[39]
Litwin M, Kułaga Z. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and primary hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36(4): 825-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04579-3] [PMID: 32388582]
[40]
Rizzo NS, Ruiz JR, Hurtig-Wennlöf A, Ortega FB, Sjöström M. Relationship of physical activity, fitness, and fatness with clustered metabolic risk in children and adolescents: The European youth heart study. J Pediatr 2007; 150(4): 388-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.039] [PMID: 17382116]
[41]
Henderson M, Van Hulst A, von Oettingen JE, Benedetti A, Paradis G. Normal weight metabolically unhealthy phenotype in youth: Do definitions matter? Pediatr Diabetes 2019; 20(2): 143-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12785] [PMID: 30294842]
[42]
Reaven G, Hoffman B. A role for insulin in the aetiology and course of hypertension? Lancet 1987; 330(8556): 435-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90968-8] [PMID: 2887735]
[43]
Gowrishankar M, Blair B, Rieder MJ. Dietary intake of sodium by children: Why it matters. Paediatr Child Health 2020; 25(1): 47-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxz153] [PMID: 32042243]
[44]
Balafa O, Kalaitzidis RG. Salt sensitivity and hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2021; 35(3): 184-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41371-020-00407-1] [PMID: 32862203]
[45]
Weinberger MH, Fineberg NS, Fineberg SE, Weinberger M. Salt sensitivity, pulse pressure, and death in normal and hypertensive humans. Hypertension 2001; 37(2): 429-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.37.2.429] [PMID: 11230313]
[46]
Mu J, Zheng S, Lian Q, Liu F, Liu Z. Evolution of blood pressure from adolescents to youth in salt sensitivies: A 18-year follow-up study in Hanzhong children cohort. Nutr J 2012; 11(1): 70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-11-70] [PMID: 22978814]
[47]
Bihorac A, Tezcan H, Özener C, Oktay A, Akoglu E. Association between salt sensitivity and target organ damage in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13(8): 864-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(00)00253-3] [PMID: 10950394]
[48]
Sanders PW. Dietary salt intake, salt sensitivity, and cardiovascular health. Hypertension 2009; 53(3): 442-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.120303] [PMID: 19153264]
[49]
Lande MB, Flynn JT. Treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol 2009; 24(10): 1939-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-007-0573-4] [PMID: 17690916]
[50]
Pescatello LS, Buchner DM, Jakicic JM, et al. Physical activity to prevent and treat hypertension: A systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51(6): 1314-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001943] [PMID: 31095088]
[51]
Abas Hidayat, Didi Taswidi, Alifa Romadoni, Romadoni A. Effect of hypertension exercise on blood pressure in the elderly. World J Adv Res Rev 2022; 13(3): 491-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.13.3.0269]
[52]
Herawati I, Mat Ludin AF. M M, Ishak I, Farah NMF. Breathing exercise for hypertensive patients: A scoping review. Front Physiol 2023; 14: 1048338.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1048338] [PMID: 36760529]
[53]
Lu Y, Chen R, Cai J, Huang Z, Yuan H. The management of hypertension in women planning for pregnancy. Br Med Bull 2018; 128(1): 75-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldy035] [PMID: 30371746]
[54]
Muscogiuri G, Verde L, Sulu C, et al. Mediterranean diet and obesity-related disorders: What is the evidence? Curr Obes Rep 2022; 11(4): 287-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13679-022-00481-1] [PMID: 36178601]
[55]
Figueiredo AE, Urbanetto JS, Magnago TSBS, Poli-de-Figueiredo CE. Psychosocial stress and hypertension in nursing staff. Clin Nurs Stud 2015; 3(4)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/cns.v3n4p15]
[56]
Ilmaskal R, Wati L, Monarisa M, Mailita W, Rahmi A, Jepisa T. The impact of tera gymnastics on the reduction of hypertension in the elderly. J Health Sains 2023; 4(1): 56-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jhs.v4i1.789]
[57]
Hassan AM, Kamel SMM, Torad A, Hazzaa A, Salama AM. Effect of wet cupping therapy on reducing blood pressure in primary hypertensive patients: A preliminary study. Inter J Med Sci 2023; 6(1): 476-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/svuijm.2022.175851.1453]
[58]
Tucker KL, Sheppard JP, Stevens R, et al. Self-monitoring of blood pressure in hypertension: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2017; 14(9): 1002389.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002389] [PMID: 28926573]
[59]
Abdullah A, Othman S. The influence of self-owned home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) on primary care patients with hypertension: A qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract 2011; 12(1): 143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-12-143] [PMID: 22208768]
[60]
Chaturvedi S, Lipszyc DH, Licht C, Craig JC, Parekh R. Pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children. Evid Based Child Health 2014; 9(3): 498-580.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ebch.1974] [PMID: 25236305]
[61]
Robinson RF, Nahata MC, Batisky DL, Mahan JD. Pharmacologic treatment of chronic pediatric hypertension. Paediatr Drugs 2005; 7(1): 27-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00148581-200507010-00003] [PMID: 15777109]
[62]
Stephens MM, Fox BA, Maxwell L. Therapeutic options for the treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med 2012; 6: 13-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/CCRPM.S7602]
[63]
Seikaly MG, Bahlawan-Seikaly S. Strategies of treatment of pediatric hypertension. J Med Liban 2010; 58(3): 161-6.
[PMID: 21462846]
[64]
Blowey DL. Antihypertensive agents: Mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and current uses in children. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2001; 62(4): 298-313.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0011-393X(01)80014-X]
[65]
Seikaly MG. Hypertension in children: An update on treatment strategies. Curr Opin Pediatr 2007; 19(2): 170-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e32801da292] [PMID: 17496761]
[66]
Temple ME, Nahata MC. Treatment of pediatric hypertension. Pharmacotherapy 2000; 20(2): 140-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.20.3.140.34782] [PMID: 10678292]
[67]
Feld LG, Corey H. Hypertension in Childhood. Pediatr Rev 2007; 28(8): 283-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.28.8.283] [PMID: 17670953]
[68]
Smith SM, Anderson SD, Wen S, et al. Lack of correlation between thiazide-induced hyperglycemia and hypokalemia: Subgroup analysis of results from the pharmacogenomic evaluation of antihypertensive responses (PEAR) study. Pharmacotherapy 2009; 29(10): 1157-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.29.10.1157] [PMID: 19792989]
[69]
Evaluation of the prevalence and clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population of adult and pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. NCT Patent 06784687, 2025.
[70]
Pediatric ventricle function assessment study. NCT Patent 06739057, 2024.
[71]
Hypertension in high school students (HYGEF). NCT Patent 06049641, 2024.
[72]
Flow-mediated arterial dilatation, hypertension, endothelin-1 and sICAM-1 in obese adolescents (sICAM-1). NCT Patent 05951894, 2023.
[73]
Management of acute pulmonary hypertensive crisis in children with known pulmonary arterial hypertension. NCT Patent 05439460, 2022.
[74]
Family meals on prescription - A randomized controlled trial. NCT Patent 05225350, 2022.
[75]
The effect of caudal block on optic nerve sheath diameter in pediatric patients. NCT Patent 05216211, 2022.
[76]
Exercise capacity respiratory muscle strength dyspnea and physical activity in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension. NCT Patent 05124015, 2025.
[77]
A study of azilsartan in children from 6 to less than 16 years old with high blood pressure. NCT Patent 05107960, 2024.
[78]
The role of transthoracic echocardiography in diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. NCT Patent 05082272, 2021.
[79]
Pre-emptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in cystic fibrosis related liver disease. NCT Patent 05037643, 2021.
[80]
NEURodevelopmental outcome after persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (NEUROPHON). NCT Patent 04841070, 2021.
[81]
Observational study of actigraphy in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension. NCT Patent 04745000, 2023.
[82]
Obesity in pediatric sickle cell disease: A new phenomenon. NCT Patent 04676113, 2023.
[83]
A study of TAK-536 in children from 2 to less than 6 years old with high blood pressure. NCT Patent 04668157, 2024.
[84]
Assessing the feasibility of N-of-1 trials in children with hypertension and chronic kidney disease. NCT Patent 04591171, 2023.
[85]
Association of mood with risk for atherosclerosis (AuRA). NCT Patent 04298944, 2022.
[86]
Before-after comparison of pharmacist drug therapy management in pediatric hypertension. NCT Patent 04098978, 2022.
[87]
Best rest: Rest time before blood pressure measurement trial. NCT Patent 04031768, 2022.
[88]
Be-HealthY: Behavioral risk factors for poor vascular health in youth. NCT Patent 03934398, 2022.
[89]
Enteral L citrulline supplementation in preterm infants - Safety, efficacy and dosing. NCT Patent 03649932, 2021.
[90]
Response of the gut microbiome and circulating metabolome to diet in children: Ancillary study to KIDFIT (NCT03405246). NCT Patent 03612479, 2022.
[91]
Image-based multi-scale modeling framework of the cardiopulmonary system: Longitudinal calibration and assessment of therapies in pediatric pulmonary hypertension. NCT Patent 03564522, 2024.
[92]
N-of-1 trials in children with hypertension (NICHE). NCT Patent 03461003, 2022.
[93]
Efficacy of beraprost in lowering pulmonary arterial pressure in children. NCT Patent 03431649, 2018.
[94]
Revatio special investigation for long-term use in pediatric patients. NCT Patent 03364244, 2022.
[95]
Effects of diet on pregnancy outcome and child obesity. NCT Patent 03232762, 2019.
[96]
Erythrocyte glutamine level relation to pulmonary hypertension risk in beta thalassemia major children. NCT Patent 03133169, 2019.
[97]
Evaluating the impact of a community health worker program in Neno, Malawi. NCT Patent 03106727, 2019.
[98]
Sportcheck follow-up. NCT Patent 03085498, 2018.
[99]
Frailty in children with cardiac disease. NCT Patent 02999438, 2023.
[100]
Actigraphy in pediatric pulmonary hypertension. NCT Patent 02909608, 2021.
[101]
Study of Remodulin® in pediatric pulmonary hypertension with single ventricular physiology after fontan surgery. NCT Patent 02865733, 2020.
[102]
Exercise and arterial modulation in youth (ExAMIN YOUTH). NCT Patent 02853747, 2023.
[103]
A phase 3 long-term study of TAK-536 in pediatric patients 6 to less than 16 Years with hypertension. NCT Patent 02791438, 2020.
[104]
Families on track: A digital health behavioral intervention for parents seeking treatment for their child with obesity. NCT Patent 02767440, 2017.
[105]
Tracking outcomes and practice in pediatric pulmonary hypertension (TOPP-2). NCT Patent 02610660, 2023.
[106]
Epidemiology and treatment patterns of paediatric PAH (Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension). NCT Patent 02576002, 2016.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
Pdf icon 19
Html icon 2
Find your institution