Recent Patents on Biotechnology

Recent Patents on Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1872-2083
ISSN (Online): 2212-4012

Back Subscribe
Mini-Review Article

Current Status of Microalgae-based Food Products: Future Trends of Functional Ingredients

Author(s): Marcele Leal Nörnberg, Luisa Chitolina Schetinger, Tatiele Casagrande do Nascimento, Pricila Nass Pinheiro, Patricia Acosta Caetano, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes* and Leila Queiroz Zepka

Volume 20, Issue 3, 2026

Published on: 13 August, 2025

Page: [307 - 324] Pages: 18

DOI: 10.2174/0118722083380758250802021828

Price: $65

Become a Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer
Become a Editor
Become a Section Editor

Abstract

The use of microalgae in food and beverages is becoming increasingly popular as a viable way to develop products with enhanced nutritional profiles, offering positive health effects. In parallel, the plant-based food market is expanding due to the growing vegan, vegetarian, and flexitarian populations, prompting manufacturers to create innovative foods and techniques, such as the addition of microalgae to products. These functional and/or nutraceutical foods present an attractive option for consumers seeking plantbased alternatives. Although some challenges remain, this is a growing market. Furthermore, biotechnological processes are being utilized to optimize the production of microalgae with even more robust nutritional characteristics, thereby increasing their added value. This review was based on a structured literature search across major databases, applying predefined keywords and selection criteria to identify recent advances, regulatory aspects, and biotechnological developments in the field. These innovations hold significant potential to meet the rising demand for bioactive products and to propel a new era in the commercialization of microalgae-based products, a segment still underexplored in the current market. Additionally, progress in this sector depends on the development and protection of biotechnological innovations through patents, ensuring greater security and competitiveness in the industry.

Keywords: Bioactive compounds, functional foods, innovative applications, nutraceuticals, nutritional composition, plant-based.

Next »

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Elazzazy AM, Baeshen MN, Alasmi KM, Alqurashi SI, Desouky SE, Khattab SMR. Where biology meets engineering: Scaling up microbial nutraceuticals to bridge nutrition, therapeutics, and global impact. Microorganisms 2025; 13(3): 566.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13030566] [PMID: 40142459]
[2]
Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ, Deprá MC, Eds. Smart Food Industry: The Blockchain for Sustainable Engineering: Volume II-Current Status, Future Foods, and Global Issues. CRC Press 2024.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003231172]
[3]
Nörnberg ML, Pinheiro PN, Nascimento TC, Fernandes AS, Lopes EJ, Zepka LQ. Production of microalgae biocompounds in different cultivation conditions. Braz J Dev 2022; 8(2): 10226-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n2-119]
[4]
Çelekli A, Ö-zbal B, Bozkurt H. Challenges in functional food products with the incorporation of some microalgae. Foods 2024; 13(5): 725.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13050725] [PMID: 38472838]
[5]
Deprá MC, Nörnberg ML, Schneider AT, Dias RR, Zepka LQ, Jacob-Lopes E. Chapter 13 - Microalgae: green cell biofactories in food and feed supply chains. In: Advances in Sustainable Applications of Microalgae. Woodhead Publishing 2025; pp. 301-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-22127-9.00013-5]
[6]
Bombe K. Aerospace and Defence Metal Stamping Market Worth $33.6 billion by 2027. 2020. Available from: www.meticulousresearch.com/pressrelease/59/plant-based-food-products-market-2027
[7]
Grand View Research. Vegan food market size, share & trends analysis report by product (meat & seafood, creamer, ice cream & frozen novelties, yogurt, cheese, butter, meals, protein bars, others), by distribution channel, by region, and segment forecasts, 2023 - 2030. 2020. Available from: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/vegan-food-market
[8]
Nascimento TC, Nass PP, Fernandes AS, Nörnberg ML, Zepka QZ, Jacob-Lopes E. Chapter 20 - Microalgae carotenoids: An overview of biomedical applications. In: Algal Biotechnology: Integrated Algal Engineering for Bioenergy, Bioremediation, and Biomedical Applications. Elsevier 2022; pp. 409-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90476-6.00013-3]
[9]
Nascimento TC, Nass PP, Schetinger LC, et al. Uses of microorganisms for carotenoid production: Contribution of modern technologies in food sustainability. In: Carotenoids: Trends and Advances. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland 2024; pp. 203-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75322-0_9]
[10]
Fernandes AS, Schetinger LC, Nornberg ML, Nascimento TC. Microalgae as a key ingredient in meat analogs. In: Handbook of Food and Feed from Microalgae. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press 2023; pp. 305-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99196-4.00046-2]
[11]
Thakur A, Sharma D, Saini R, Suhag R, Thakur D. Cultivating blue food proteins: Innovating next-generation ingredients from macro and microalgae. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2024; 60: 103278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103278]
[12]
Afzaal M, Imran A, Iqbal SS, et al. Potential microalgae-derived antioxidants as human health supplements nutritional evaluation and benefits. In: Algae Biotechnology for Biomedical and Nutritional Applications. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press 2025; pp. 131-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-24006-5.00011-0]
[13]
de Souza MP, Hoeltz M, Gressler PD, Benitez LB, Schneider RCS. Potential of microalgal bioproducts: General perspectives and main challenges. Waste Biomass Valoriz 2019; 10(8): 2139-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0253-6]
[14]
Jacob-Lopes E, Maroneze MM, Deprá MC, Sartori RB, Dias RR, Zepka LQ. Bioactive food compounds from microalgae: An innovative framework on industrial biorefineries. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019; 25: 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2018.12.003]
[15]
Nörnberg ML, Caetano PA, Nass PP, et al. Limonene production in microalgal photoautotrophic cultivation. Braz J Dev 2022; 8(2): 10241-54. b
[http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n2-120]
[16]
Nörnberg ML, Pinheiro PN, Nascimento TC, et al. Bioactive compounds in butters: Carotenoids and fatty acids. Braz J Dev 2022; 8(2): 10270-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n2-122]
[17]
Hernández H, Nunes MC, Prista C, Raymundo A. Innovative and healthier dairy products through the addition of microalgae: A review. Foods 2022; 11(5): 755.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11050755] [PMID: 35267388]
[18]
Caporgno MP, Mathys A. Trends in microalgae incorporation into innovative food products with potential health benefits. Front Nutr 2018; 5: 58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00058] [PMID: 30109233]
[19]
Caporgno MP, Böcker L, Müssner C, et al. Extruded meat analogues based on yellow, heterotrophically cultivated Auxenochlorella protothecoides microalgae. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2020; 59: 102275.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102275]
[20]
Boukid F, Rosell CM, Rosene S, Bover-Cid S, Castellari M. Non-animal proteins as cutting-edge ingredients to reformulate animal-free foodstuffs: Present status and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 62(23): 6390-420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1901649] [PMID: 33775185]
[21]
Fu Y, Chen T, Chen SHY, et al. The potentials and challenges of using microalgae as an ingredient to produce meat analogues. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021; 112: 188-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.050]
[22]
Barros de Medeiros VP, da Costa WKA, da Silva RT, Pimentel TC, Magnani M. Microalgae as source of functional ingredients in new-generation foods: Challenges, technological effects, biological activity, and regulatory issues. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 62(18): 4929-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1879729] [PMID: 33544001]
[23]
Singh M, Trivedi N, Enamala MK, et al. Plant-based meat analogue (PBMA) as a sustainable food: A concise review. Eur Food Res Technol 2021; 247(10): 2499-526.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03810-1]
[24]
Torres-Tiji Y, Fields FJ, Mayfield SP. Microalgae as a future food source. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41: 107536.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107536] [PMID: 32194145]
[25]
Matos J, Cardoso C, Bandarra NM, Afonso C. Microalgae as healthy ingredients for functional food: A review. Food Funct 2017; 8(8): 2672-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7FO00409E] [PMID: 28681866]
[26]
Wu J, Gu X, Yang D, et al. Bioactive substances and potentiality of marine microalgae. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9(9): 5279-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2471] [PMID: 34532034]
[27]
Bohn T, Bonet ML, Borel P, et al. Mechanistic aspects of carotenoid health benefits - Where are we now? Nutr Res Rev 2021; 34(2): 276-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954422421000147] [PMID: 34057057]
[28]
Liu Y, Ren X, Fan C, Wu W, Zhang W, Wang Y. Health benefits, food applications, and sustainability of microalgae-derived n-3 PUFA. Foods 2022; 11(13): 1883.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11131883] [PMID: 35804698]
[29]
Lucakova S, Branyikova I, Hayes M. Microalgal proteins and bioactives for food, feed, and other applications. Appl Sci 2022; 12(9): 4402.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094402]
[30]
Koyande AK, Chew KW, Rambabu K, Tao Y, Chu DT, Show PL. Microalgae: A potential alternative to health supplementation for humans. Food Sci Hum Wellness 2019; 8(1): 16-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2019.03.001]
[31]
Becker EW. Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnol Adv 2007; 25(2): 207-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.11.002] [PMID: 17196357]
[32]
Van De Walle S, Broucke K, Baune MC, Terjung N, Van Royen G, Boukid F. Microalgae protein digestibility: How to crack open the black box? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64(20): 7149-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2023.2181754] [PMID: 38975868]
[33]
Lu Q. A state-of-the-art review of microalgae-based food processing wastewater treatment: Progress, problems, and prospects. Water 2025; 17(4): 536.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w17040536]
[34]
Andrade BB, Cardoso LG, Assis DJ, Costa JAV, Druzian JI, da Cunha Lima ST. Production and characterization of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultured in reused Zarrouk's medium in a raceway-type bioreactor. Bioresour Technol 2019; 284: 340-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.144] [PMID: 30954902]
[35]
Barkia I, Saari N, Manning SR. Microalgae for high-value products towards human health and nutrition. Mar Drugs 2019; 17(5): 304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17050304] [PMID: 31137657]
[36]
Tang DYY, Khoo KS, Chew KW, Tao Y, Ho SH, Show PL. Potential utilization of bioproducts from microalgae for the quality enhancement of natural products. Bioresour Technol 2020; 304: 122997.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122997] [PMID: 32094007]
[37]
de Morais MG, Vaz BS, de Morais EG, Costa JAV. Biologically active metabolites synthesized by microalgae. BioMed Res Int 2015; 2015(1): 1-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/835761] [PMID: 26339647]
[38]
Katiyar R, Arora A. Health promoting functional lipids from microalgae pool: A review. Algal Res 2020; 46: 101800.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101800]
[39]
Karnaouri A, Chalima A, Kalogiannis KG, Varamogianni-Mamatsi D, Lappas A, Topakas E. Utilization of lignocellulosic biomass towards the production of omega-3 fatty acids by the heterotrophic marine microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii. Bioresour Technol 2020; 303: 122899.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122899] [PMID: 32028216]
[40]
Caetano PA, do Nascimento TC, Fernandes AS, et al. Microalgae-based polysaccharides: Insights on production, applications, analysis, and future challenges. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2022; 45: 102491.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102491]
[41]
Nörnberg ML, Bortolotti CM, Minella E, Nörnberg JL. Use of barley flour as a source of biocompounds in bakery products. Braz J Dev 2022; 8(2): 10334-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n2-125]
[42]
Niccolai A, Chini Zittelli G, Rodolfi L, Biondi N, Tredici MR. Microalgae of interest as food source: Biochemical composition and digestibility. Algal Res 2019; 42: 101617.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.101617]
[43]
Chew KW, Yap JY, Show PL, et al. Microalgae biorefinery: High value products perspectives. Bioresour Technol 2017; 229: 53-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.006] [PMID: 28107722]
[44]
Mobin SMA, Chowdhury H, Alam F. Commercially important bioproducts from microalgae and their current applications - A review. Energy Procedia 2019; 160: 752-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.183]
[45]
Nazih H, Bard JM. Chapter 10 - Microalgae in human health: Interest as a functional food. In: Microalgae in Health and Disease Prevention. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press 2018; pp. 211-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811405-6.00010-4]
[46]
Edelmann M, Aalto S, Chamlagain B, Kariluoto S, Piironen V. Riboflavin, niacin, folate and vitamin B12 in commercial microalgae powders. J Food Compos Anal 2019; 82: 103226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2019.05.009]
[47]
Gao F, Guo W, Zeng M, Feng Y, Feng G. Effect of microalgae as iron supplements on iron-deficiency anemia in rats. Food Funct 2019; 10(2): 723-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8FO01834K] [PMID: 30664135]
[48]
Bhatnagar RS, Miller DD, Padilla-Zakour OI, Lei XG. Supplemental microalgal iron helps replete blood hemoglobin in moderately anemic mice fed a rice-based diet. Nutrients 2020; 12(8): 2239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082239] [PMID: 32727043]
[49]
Vendruscolo RG, Fernandes AS, Fagundes MB, et al. Development of a new method for simultaneous extraction of chlorophylls and carotenoids from microalgal biomass. J Appl Phycol 2021; 33(4): 1987-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02470-8]
[50]
Nörnberg ML, Pinheiro PN, Nascimento TC, Fernandes AS, Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ. Carotenoids profile of Desertifilum spp. in mixotrophic conditions. Braz J Dev 2021; 7(3): 33017-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n3-835]
[51]
Fernandes AS, Nascimento TC, Pinheiro PN, et al. Insights on the intestinal absorption of chlorophyll series from microalgae. Food Res Int 2021; 140: 110031.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110031] [PMID: 33648259]
[52]
Chen M, Blankenship RE. Expanding the solar spectrum used by photosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci 2011; 16(8): 427-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.03.011] [PMID: 21493120]
[53]
Patel SN, Sonani RR, Jakharia K, et al. Antioxidant activity and associated structural attributes of Halomicronema phycoerythrin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111: 359-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.170] [PMID: 29307804]
[54]
McCarty MF, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F. Genistein and phycocyanobilin may prevent hepatic fibrosis by suppressing proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72(3): 330-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2008.07.045] [PMID: 18789597]
[55]
Timberlake CF, Henry BS. Plant pigments as natural food colours. Endeavour 1986; 10(1): 31-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(86)90048-7] [PMID: 2422009]
[56]
Vesenick DC, Paula NA, Niwa AM, Mantovani MS. Evaluation of the effects of chlorophyllin on apoptosis induction, inhibition of cellular proliferation and mRNA expression of CASP8, CASP9, APC and $-catenin. Curr Res J Biol Sci 2012; 4(3): 315.
[57]
Subramoniam A, Asha VV, Nair SA, et al. Chlorophyll revisited: Anti-inflammatory activities of chlorophyll a and inhibition of expression of TNF-α gene by the same. Inflammation 2012; 35(3): 959-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-011-9399-0] [PMID: 22038065]
[58]
da Silva Ferreira V, Sant'Anna C, Sant C. Impact of culture conditions on the chlorophyll content of microalgae for biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33(1): 20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-016-2181-6] [PMID: 27909993]
[59]
Suna G, Yilmaz-Ersan L. Utilization of microalgae in probiotic white brined cheese. Mljekarstvo 2022; 72(2): 88-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15567/mljekarstvo.2022.0203]
[60]
Barkallah M, Dammak M, Louati I, et al. Effect of Spirulina platensis fortification on physicochemical, textural, antioxidant and sensory properties of yogurt during fermentation and storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017; 84: 323-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.05.071]
[61]
Nourmohammadi N, Soleimanian-Zad S, Shekarchizadeh H. Effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) microencapsulated in alginate and whey protein concentrate addition on physicochemical and organoleptic properties of functional stirred yogurt. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100(14): 5260-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10576] [PMID: 32520419]
[62]
Durmaz Y, Kilicli M, Toker OS, Konar N, Palabiyik I, Tamtürk F. Using spray-dried microalgae in ice cream formulation as a natural colorant: Effect on physicochemical and functional properties. Algal Res 2020; 47: 101811.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101811]
[63]
Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods. 2006. Available from:https://eurlex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2006/1924/oj/eng
[64]
Batista AP, Niccolai A, Bursic I, et al. Microalgae as functional ingredients in savory food products: Application to wheat crackers. Foods 2019; 8(12): 611.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8120611] [PMID: 31771197]
[65]
Igual M, Uribe-Wandurraga ZN, García-Segovia P, Martínez-Monzó J. Microalgae-enriched breadsticks: Analysis for vitamin C, carotenoids, and chlorophyll. Food Sci Technol Int 2022; 28(1): 26-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013221990252] [PMID: 33517774]
[66]
Niccolai A, Venturi M, Galli V, et al. Development of new microalgae-based sourdough "crostini": functional effects of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) addition. Sci Rep 2019; 9(1): 19433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55840-1] [PMID: 31857609]
[67]
Qazi WM, Ballance S, Uhlen AK, Kousoulaki K, Haugen JE, Rieder A. Protein enrichment of wheat bread with the marine green microalgae Tetraselmis chuii - Impact on dough rheology and bread quality. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021; 143: 111115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111115]
[68]
Qazi MW, de Sousa IG, Nunes MC, Raymundo A. Improving the nutritional, structural, and sensory properties of gluten-free bread with different species of microalgae. Foods 2022; 11(3): 397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030397] [PMID: 35159547]
[69]
Batista AP, Niccolai A, Fradinho P, et al. Microalgae biomass as an alternative ingredient in cookies: Sensory, physical and chemical properties, antioxidant activity and in vitro digestibility. Algal Res 2017; 26: 161-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.017]
[70]
Gouveia L, Batista AP, Miranda A, Empis J, Raymundo A. Chlorella vulgaris biomass used as colouring source in traditional butter cookies. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2007; 8(3): 433-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2007.03.026]
[71]
Aljobair MO, Albaridi NA, Alkuraieef AN, AlKehayez NM. Physicochemical properties, nutritional value, and sensory attributes of a nectar developed using date palm puree and Spirulina. Int J Food Prop 2021; 24(1): 845-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2021.1938604]
[72]
Ścieszka S, Gorzkiewicz M, Klewicka E. Innovative fermented soya drink with the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and the probiotic strain Levilactobacillus brevis ŁOCK 0944. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021; 151: 112131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112131]
[73]
Boukid F, Comaposada J, Ribas-Agustí A, Castellari M. Development of high-protein vegetable creams by using single-cell ingredients from some microalgae species. Foods 2021; 10(11): 2550.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112550] [PMID: 34828831]
[74]
Boukid F. Plant-based meat analogues: From niche to mainstream. Eur Food Res Technol 2021; 247(2): 297-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03630-9]
[75]
Marti-Quijal FJ, Zamuz S, Galvez F, et al. Replacement of soy protein with other legumes or algae in turkey breast formulation: Changes in physicochemical and technological properties. J Food Process Preserv 2018; 42(12): 13845.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13845]
[76]
Marti-Quijal FJ, Zamuz S, Tomašević I, et al. Influence of different sources of vegetable, whey and microalgae proteins on the physicochemical properties and amino acid profile of fresh pork sausages. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019; 110: 316-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.04.097]
[77]
Palanisamy M, Töpfl S, Berger RG, Hertel C. Physico-chemical and nutritional properties of meat analogues based on Spirulina/lupin protein mixtures. Eur Food Res Technol 2019; 245(9): 1889-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-019-03298-w]
[78]
Bohrer BM. An investigation of the formulation and nutritional composition of modern meat analogue products. Food Sci Hum Wellness 2019; 8(4): 320-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2019.11.006]
[79]
Ahmed N, Sheikh MA, Ubaid M, Chauhan P, Kumar K, Choudhary S. Comprehensive exploration of marine algae diversity, bioactive compounds, health benefits, regulatory issues, and food and drug applications. Measurement. Food 2024; 14: 100163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meafoo.2024.100163]
[80]
Zanella L, Vianello F. Microalgae of the genus Nannochloropsis: Chemical composition and functional implications for human nutrition. J Funct Foods 2020; 68: 103919.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.103919]
[81]
Matos AP. Microalgae as a potential source of proteins. In: Galanakis C, Ed. Proteins: Sustainable source, processing and applications. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press 2019; pp. 63-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816695-6.00003-9]
[82]
EU Novel Food status Catalogue. 2020. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/food/food-feed-portal/screen/novel-food-catalogue/search
[83]
COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council. 2008. Available from: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32012R0231
[84]
2003/427/EC of 5 June 2003 authorising the placing on the market of oil rich in DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) from the microalgae Schizochytrium sp. as a novel food ingredient under Regulation (EC) No 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council. 2003. Available from: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32003D0427&from=SV
[85]
2009/777/EC of 21 October 2009, concerning the extension of uses of algal oil from the micro-algae Ulkenia sp. as a novel food ingredient under Regulation (EC) No 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council. 2009. Available from: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32009D0777
[86]
Canada H. About Novel and Genetically-Modified (GM), Foods. 2020. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/genetically-modified-foods-other-novel-foods.html
[87]
Food and Drug Administration. 2018. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/
[88]
Cereals and cereal products - Determination of moisture content (Routine method). 2025. Available from:https://www.iso.org/standard/85395.html
[89]
Amendment no. 1, June 1991 for Spirulina, food grade specification. 1990. Available from:https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.12895.1990
[90]
Jassby A. Some public health aspects of microalgal products. In: Lembi CA, Waaland JR, Eds. Algae and Human Affair. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1988; pp. 181-201.
[91]
Normative instruction no. 12 of ministry of health. 2001. Available from: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/ptbr
[92]
Normative instruction no. 42 of ministry of health. 2013. Available from: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/ptbr
[93]
Normative instruction no. 14 of ministry of health. 2014. Available from: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/ptbr
[94]
Specifies a method for the determination of crude ash of animal feeding stuffs. 2022. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/37272.html
[95]
Food and feed products - General guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method. 2025. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/41320.html
[96]
Becker EW. Microalgae: biotechnology and microbiology. Cambridge University Press 1994; p. 10.
[97]
Chapter 6 - Oil production. 2025. Available from: www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e0h.htm
[98]
Chacón‐Lee TL, González-Mariño GE. Microalgae for "healthy" foods-possibilities and challenges. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9(6): 655-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00132.x] [PMID: 33467820]
[99]
ISO 11085:2015. Cereals, cereals-based products and animal feeding stuffs - Determination of crude fat and total fat content by the Randall extraction method. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/63542
[100]
Analytical Chemists. 1988. Available from: https://www.aoac.org/
[101]
Detecting Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs. 2025. Available from: https://analyticalscience.wiley.com/
[102]
2004/204/EC: Commission Decision of 23 February 2004 laying down detailed arrangements for the operation of the registers for recording information on genetic modifications in GMOs, provided for in Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance) (notified under document number C(2004) 540). 2004. Available from:https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2004/204/oj/eng
[103]
Decision No. 70/2008/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 on a paperless environment for customs and trade. 2008. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2008/70(1)/oj/eng
[104]
Normative instruction no. 28 of ministry of health. 2018. Available from: https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br
[105]
The Gazette of India. 2016. Available from: https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.2016.357
[106]
[107]
Specifications and Standards for Food. Food Additives, etc Ministry of Health and Welfare Notification No 370. 2011. Available from: https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC189801/
[108]
da Silva SC, Fernandes IP, Barros L, et al. Spray-dried Spirulina platensis as an effective ingredient to improve yogurt formulations: Testing different encapsulating solutions. J Funct Foods 2019; 60: 103427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103427]
[109]
Cheftel JC, Kitagawa M, Quéguiner C. New protein texturization processes by extrusion cooking at high moisture levels. Food Rev Int 1992; 8(2): 235-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559129209540940]
[110]
Morais MG, Alvarenga AGP, Vaz BS, Costa JAV. Nanoencapsulation of Spirulina biomass by electrospraying for development of functional foods a review. Biotechnol Res Innov 2021; 5(2): 2021009.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/biori.21050204]
[111]
Chen C, Tang T, Shi Q, Zhou Z, Fan J. The potential and challenge of microalgae as promising future food sources. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022; 126: 99-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.06.016]
[112]
de Oliveira AP, Bragotto APA. Microalgae-based products: Food and public health. Future Foods 2022; 6: 100157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100157]
[113]
Schetinger LC, Nörnberg ML, do Nascimento TC, et al. From potential to reality: Unraveling the factors limiting the use of microalgae as sustainable blue food protein sources - A critical review. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2025. https://doi.org/10.2174/0118722083358276250703100020
[114]
Xiaodong L, Chunchao W, Lu L, et al. Microencapsulated microalgae DHA oil containing antioxidant peptides and preparation method C.N. Patent 106617074A,, 2017.
[115]
Weijiang L, Zuoqi Z, Huaijuan Z. Large-scale cultivation method of Spirulina. C.N. Patent 116640686A, 2023.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite