Login Register Cart 0
Current Alzheimer Research

Current Alzheimer Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1567-2050
ISSN (Online): 1875-5828

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Translate in Chinese
Research Article

Lithium Chloride Improves Electrophysiological and Memory Deficits in Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Alzheimer's Disease

Author(s): Zheng Xing*orcid of author, Xiaolian Jiang, Wenhao Yang, Yuhui Wang, Xiaoxiao Zhang and Chen Zhao*

Volume 22, Issue 7, 2025

Published on: 31 July, 2025

Page: [536 - 547] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/0115672050399032250715043316

Price: $65

Become a Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer
Become a Editor
Become a Section Editor

Abstract

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by complex pathological manifestations and an unclear pathogenesis. Lithium chloride (LiCl) exhibits certain neuroprotective effects. However, its performance and mechanisms in different types of AD models remain unclear.

Methods: The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced AD rat model was used to evaluate the ameliorating effects of LiCl. LiCl was administered orally for one month, and then evaluations were conducted in terms of nerve electrophysiology, behavioral science, and molecular biology.

Results: In this study, STZ was found to significantly affect the electrophysiological functions and behavioral performances of rats. However, LiCl was able to mitigate these effects. Specifically, it led to the restoration of electrophysiological functions, with long-term potentiation (LTP) being successfully induced. LiCl also demonstrated favorable therapeutic effects in rats, as confirmed by the nest-building tests, Y-maze, and Morris water maze. Further research revealed that LiCl promoted the phosphorylation of GSK-3β in the hippocampal region of rats.

Discussion: These findings indicated that LiCl demonstrated beneficial effects on AD-like pathological changes in STZ-induced AD rats, possibly by activating GSK-3β phosphorylation in the hippocampus, improving electrophysiological functions, and further restoring behavioral characteristics.

Conclusion: In conclusion, LiCl demonstrated therapeutic potential for AD by improving neurophysiological and behavioral deficits via hippocampal GSK-3β phosphorylation.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, lithium chloride, electrophysiology, neuroprotective effect, GSK-3β, cognitive decline.

Corrigendum in:
Lithium Chloride Improves Electrophysiological and Memory Deficits in Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Alzheimer's Disease

« Previous
[1]
Zhang D, Zhang W, Ming C, et al. P- tau217 correlates with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease, and targeting p-tau217 with immunotherapy ameliorates murine tauopathy. Neuron 2024; 112(10): 1676-1693.e12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.017] [PMID: 38513667]
[2]
Zheng Q, Wang X. Alzheimer’s disease: Insights into pathology, molecular mechanisms, and therapy. Protein Cell 2025; 16(2): 83-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/procel/pwae026] [PMID: 38733347]
[3]
Crapser JD, Spangenberg EE, Barahona RA, Arreola MA, Hohsfield LA, Green KN. Microglia facilitate loss of perineuronal nets in the Alzheimer’s disease brain. EBioMedicine 2020; 58: 102919.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102919] [PMID: 32745992]
[4]
Sharma M, Pal P, Gupta SK. Advances in Alzheimer’s disease: A multifaceted review of potential therapies and diagnostic techniques for early detection. Neurochem Int 2024; 177: 105761.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105761] [PMID: 38723902]
[5]
Jucker M, Walker LC. Alzheimer’s disease: From immunotherapy to immunoprevention. Cell 2023; 186(20): 4260-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.021] [PMID: 37729908]
[6]
Wei J, Wen W, Dai Y, et al. Drinking water temperature affects cognitive function and progression of Alzheimer’s disease in a mouse model. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42(1): 45-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41401-020-0407-5] [PMID: 32451415]
[7]
George S, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Mohapatra D. Effect of regulated add-on sodium chloride intake on stabilization of serum lithium concentration in bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2023; 25(1): 66-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.13276] [PMID: 36409058]
[8]
Mody PH, Marvin KN, Hynds DL, Hanson LK. Cytomegalovirus infection induces Alzheimer’s disease-associated alterations in tau. J Neurovirol 2023; 29(4): 400-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13365-022-01109-9] [PMID: 37436577]
[9]
Xiang J, Cao K, Dong YT, et al. Lithium chloride reduced the level of oxidative stress in brains and serums of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice via the regulation of GSK3β/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130(6): 564-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2019.1688808] [PMID: 31679397]
[10]
Lockwood DR, Cassell JA, Smith JC, Houpt TA. Patterns of ingestion of rats during chronic oral administration of lithium chloride. Physiol Behav 2024; 275: 114454.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114454] [PMID: 38161042]
[11]
Serrano-Pozo A, Das S, Hyman BT. APOE and Alzheimer’s disease: Advances in genetics, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20(1): 68-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30412-9] [PMID: 33340485]
[12]
Lei P, Ayton S, Bush AI. The essential elements of Alzheimer’s disease. J Biol Chem 2021; 296: 100105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.REV120.008207] [PMID: 33219130]
[13]
Ossenkoppele R, van der Kant R, Hansson O. Tau biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: Towards implementation in clinical practice and trials. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21(8): 726-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00168-5] [PMID: 35643092]
[14]
Kosel F, Pelley JMS, Franklin TB. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112: 634-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.012] [PMID: 32070692]
[15]
Yoo Y, Neumayer G, Shibuya Y, Mader MMD, Wernig M. A cell therapy approach to restore microglial Trem2 function in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30(8): 1043-1053.e6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.006] [PMID: 37541210]
[16]
Liu S, Fan M, Xu JX, et al. Exosomes derived from bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells alleviate cognitive decline in AD-like mice by improving BDNF-related neuropathology. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19(1): 35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-022-02393-2] [PMID: 35130907]
[17]
Moreira AP, Vizuete AFK, Zin LEF, et al. The Methylglyoxal/RAGE/NOX-2 pathway is persistently activated in the hippocampus of rats with stz-induced sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotox Res 2022; 40(2): 395-409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12640-022-00476-9] [PMID: 35106732]
[18]
Kadhim HJ, Al-Mumen H, Nahi HH, Hamidi SM. Streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer’s disease investigation by one-dimensional plasmonic grating chip. Sci Rep 2022; 12(1): 21878.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26607-y] [PMID: 36536049]
[19]
Silva SSL, Tureck LV, Souza LC, et al. Animal model of Alzheimer’s disease induced by streptozotocin: New insights about cholinergic pathway. Brain Res 2023; 1799: 148175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148175] [PMID: 36436686]
[20]
Twarowski B, Herbet M. Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer’s disease—pathomechanism, diagnosis and treatment: A review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24(7): 6518.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076518] [PMID: 37047492]
[21]
Yu T, Liu X, Wu J, Wang Q. Electrophysiological biomarkers of epileptogenicity in Alzheimer's disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15: 747077.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.747077]
[22]
Gerzson MFB, Bona NP, Soares MSP, et al. Tannic acid ameliorates stz-induced Alzheimer’s disease-like impairment of memory, neuroinflammation, neuronal death and modulates akt expression. Neurotox Res 2020; 37(4): 1009-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00167-3] [PMID: 31997154]
[23]
Moosavi M, soukhaklari R, Bagheri-Mohammadi S, Firouzan B, Javadpour P, Ghasemi R. Nanocurcumin prevents memory impairment, hippocampal apoptosis, Akt and CaMKII-α signaling disruption in the central STZ model of Alzheimer’s disease in rat. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471: 115129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115129] [PMID: 38942084]
[24]
Su Y, Liu N, Sun R, et al. Radix rehmanniae praeparata (Shu Dihuang) exerts neuroprotective effects on ICV-STZ-induced Alzheimer’s disease mice through modulation of INSR/IRS-1/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway and intestinal microbiota. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14: 1115387.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1115387] [PMID: 36843923]
[25]
Saleh SR, Abd-Elmegied A, Aly Madhy S, et al. Brain-targeted Tet-1 peptide-PLGA nanoparticles for berberine delivery against STZ-induced Alzheimer’s disease in a rat model: Alleviation of hippocampal synaptic dysfunction, Tau pathology, and amyloidogenesis. Int J Pharm 2024; 658: 124218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124218] [PMID: 38734273]
[26]
Gomaa AA, Farghaly HSM, Ahmed AM, El-Mokhtar MA, Hemida FK. Advancing combination treatment with cilostazol and caffeine for Alzheimer’s disease in high fat-high fructose-STZ induced model of amnesia. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 921: 174873.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174873] [PMID: 35283111]
[27]
Zhao B, Wei D, Long Q, et al. Altered synaptic currents, mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics in Alzheimer’s disease models and therapeutic potential of Dengzhan Shengmai capsules intervention. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14(3): 348-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2023.10.006] [PMID: 38618251]
[28]
Zhang H, Han Y, Zhang L, Jia X, Niu Q. The GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling–mediated brain–derived neurotrophic factor pathway is involved in aluminum-induced impairment of hippocampal LTP in vivo. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199(12): 4635-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02582-9] [PMID: 33462795]
[29]
Chiu DN, Carter BC. Synaptic NMDA receptor activity at resting membrane potentials. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16: 916626.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.916626]
[30]
Saha R, Faramarzi S, Bloom RP, et al. Strength-frequency curve for micromagnetic neurostimulation through excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) on rat hippocampal neurons and numerical modeling of magnetic microcoil (μcoil). J Neural Eng 2022; 19(1): 016018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac4baf] [PMID: 35030549]
[31]
Lian W, Wang Z, Zhou F, et al. Cornuside ameliorates cognitive impairments via RAGE/TXNIP/NF-κB signaling in Aβ1-42 induced Alzheimer’s disease mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19(1): 24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-024-10120-2] [PMID: 38780885]
[32]
Qian W, Yuan L, Zhuge W, et al. Regulating Lars2 in mitochondria: A potential Alzheimer’s therapy by inhibiting tau phosphorylation. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21(4): 00353.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00353] [PMID: 38575503]
[33]
Zhu L, Hou X, Che X, et al. Pseudoginsenoside-F11 attenuates cognitive dysfunction and tau phosphorylation in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease rat model. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42(9): 1401-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41401-020-00562-8] [PMID: 33277592]
[34]
Yang S, Xie Z, Pei T, et al. Salidroside attenuates neuronal ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2/HO1 signaling pathway in Aβ1-42-induced Alzheimer’s disease mice and glutamate-injured HT22 cells. Chin Med 2022; 17(1): 82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-022-00634-3] [PMID: 35787281]
[35]
Pentkowski NS, Rogge-Obando KK, Donaldson TN, Bouquin SJ, Clark BJ. Anxiety and Alzheimer’s disease: Behavioral analysis and neural basis in rodent models of Alzheimer’s-related neuropathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127: 647-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.005] [PMID: 33979573]
[36]
Dang Y, He Q, Yang S, et al. FTH1- and SAT1-induced astrocytic ferroptosis is involved in Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence from single-cell transcriptomic analysis. Pharmaceuticals 2022; 15(10): 1177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15101177] [PMID: 36297287]
[37]
Gao J, Zhang X, Shu G, et al. Trilobatin rescues cognitive impairment of Alzheimer’s disease by targeting HMGB1 through mediating SIRT3/SOD2 signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43(10): 2482-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41401-022-00888-5] [PMID: 35292770]
[38]
Lou S, Gong D, Yang M, Qiu Q, Luo J, Chen T. Curcumin improves neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease mice via the upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin and BDNF. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25(10): 5123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105123] [PMID: 38791161]
[39]
Mifflin MA, Winslow W, Surendra L, Tallino S, Vural A, Velazquez R. Sex differences in the intellicage and the morris water maze in the app/ps1 mouse model of amyloidosis. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 101: 130-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.01.018] [PMID: 33610962]
[40]
Sreelatha I, Choi GY, Lee IS, et al. Neuroprotective properties of rutin hydrate against scopolamine-induced deficits in BDNF/TrkB/ERK/CREB/Bcl2 pathways. Neurol Int 2024; 16(5): 1094-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16050082] [PMID: 39452684]
[41]
Xing Z, Zhao C, Wu S, et al. Hydrogel loaded with VEGF/TFEB-engineered extracellular vesicles for rescuing critical limb ischemia by a dual-pathway activation strategy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11(5): 2100334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202100334] [PMID: 34297471]
[42]
Xing Z, Zhang X, Zhao C, et al. Microenvironment-responsive recombinant collagen XVII-based composite microneedles for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. Acta Biomater 2025; 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2025.05.039]
[43]
Liu Y, Tan Y, Zhang Z, Yi M, Zhu L, Peng W. The interaction between ageing and Alzheimer’s disease: Insights from the hallmarks of ageing. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13(1): 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40035-024-00397-x] [PMID: 38254235]
[44]
Bhuiyan P, Zhang W, Liang G, et al. Intranasal delivery of lithium salt suppresses inflammatory pyroptosis in the brain and ameliorates memory loss and depression-like behavior in 5xfad mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2025; 20(1): 26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-025-10185-7] [PMID: 40095208]
[45]
Zhang W, Ding F, Rong X, et al. Aβ -induced excessive mitochondrial fission drives type H blood vessels injury to aggravate bone loss in APP/PS1 mice with Alzheimer’s diseases. Aging Cell 2025; 24(2): 14374.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acel.14374] [PMID: 39411913]
[46]
Xu QQ, Su ZR, Yang W, Zhong M, Xian YF, Lin ZX. Patchouli alcohol attenuates the cognitive deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease via modulating neuropathology and gut microbiota through suppressing C/EBPβ/AEP pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20(1): 19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-023-02704-1] [PMID: 36717922]
[47]
Zheng K, Hu F, Zhou Y, et al. miR-135a-5p mediates memory and synaptic impairments via the Rock2/Adducin1 signaling pathway in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12(1): 1903.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22196-y] [PMID: 33771994]
[48]
Rostagno AA. Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24(1): 107.
[PMID: 36613544]
[49]
Naomi R, Embong H, Othman F, Ghazi HF, Maruthey N, Bahari H. Probiotics for Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. Nutrients 2021; 14(1): 20.
[PMID: 35010895]
[50]
Se Thoe E, Fauzi A, Tang YQ, Chamyuang S, Chia AYY. A review on advances of treatment modalities for Alzheimer’s disease. Life Sci 2021; 276: 119129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119129] [PMID: 33515559]
[51]
Xiao L, Yang X, Sharma VK, Abebe D, Loh YP. Hippocampal delivery of neurotrophic factor-α1/carboxypeptidase E gene prevents neurodegeneration, amyloidosis, memory loss in Alzheimer’s Disease male mice. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28(8): 3332-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02135-7] [PMID: 37369719]
[52]
Rajasethupathy P, Sankaran S, Marshel JH, et al. Projections from neocortex mediate top-down control of memory retrieval. Nature 2015; 526(7575): 653-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature15389] [PMID: 26436451]
[53]
Su W, Wang Y, Shao S, Ye X. Crocin ameliorates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in mice with Alzheimer’s disease by activating PI3K/AKT pathway. Brain Behav 2024; 14(5): 3503.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/brb3.3503] [PMID: 38775292]
[54]
Castellano JM, Mosher KI, Abbey RJ, et al. Human umbilical cord plasma proteins revitalize hippocampal function in aged mice. Nature 2017; 544(7651): 488-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature22067] [PMID: 28424512]
[55]
Hayashi Y. Molecular mechanism of hippocampal long-term potentiation – Towards multiscale understanding of learning and memory. Neurosci Res 2022; 175: 3-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2021.08.001] [PMID: 34375719]
[56]
Rampon M, Carponcy J, Missaire M, et al. Synapse-specific modulation of synaptic responses by brain states in hippocampal pathways. J Neurosci 2023; 43(7): 1191-210.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0772-22.2022] [PMID: 36631268]
[57]
Südhof TC. Cerebellin–neurexin complexes instructing synapse properties. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 81: 102727.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2023.102727] [PMID: 37209532]
[58]
Kang H, Schuman EM. Long-lasting neurotrophin-induced enhancement of synaptic transmission in the adult hippocampus. Science 1995; 267(5204): 1658-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7886457] [PMID: 7886457]
[59]
Lee SH, Bolshakov VY, Shen J. Presenilins regulate synaptic plasticity in the perforant pathways of the hippocampus. Mol Brain 2023; 16(1): 17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13041-023-01009-x] [PMID: 36710361]
[60]
Kim Y, Kim S, Ho WK, Lee SH. Burst firing is required for induction of Hebbian LTP at lateral perforant path to hippocampal granule cell synapses. Mol Brain 2023; 16(1): 45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13041-023-01034-w] [PMID: 37217996]
[61]
Gannon OJ, Robison LS, Salinero AE, et al. High-fat diet exacerbates cognitive decline in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease and mixed dementia in a sex-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19(1): 110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-022-02466-2] [PMID: 35568928]
[62]
Jo KW, Lee D, Cha DG, et al. Gossypetin ameliorates 5xFAD spatial learning and memory through enhanced phagocytosis against Aβ. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14(1): 158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-022-01096-3] [PMID: 36271414]
[63]
Wang D, Li X, Li W, et al. Nicotine inhalant via E-cigarette facilitates sensorimotor function recovery by upregulating neuronal BDNF–TrkB signalling in traumatic brain injury. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181(17): 3082-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.16395] [PMID: 38698493]
[64]
Cao Y, Liu B, Xu W, et al. Inhibition of mTORC1 improves STZ-induced AD-like impairments in mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162: 166-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.002] [PMID: 32599128]
[65]
Gayger-Dias V, Menezes L, Da Silva VF, et al. Changes in astroglial water flow in the pre-amyloid phase of the STZ model of AD dementia. Neurochem Res 2024; 49(7): 1851-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-024-04144-6] [PMID: 38733521]
[66]
Isaev NK, Genrikhs EE, Voronkov DN, Kapkaeva MR, Stelmashook EV. Streptozotocin toxicity in vitro depends on maturity of neurons. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 348: 99-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.024] [PMID: 29684395]
[67]
Yang W, Liu Y, Xu Q-Q, Xian Y-F, Lin Z-X. Sulforaphene ameliorates neuroinflammation and hyperphosphorylated tau protein via regulating the pi3k/akt/gsk-3β pathway in experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020; 2020(1): 4754195.
[PMID: 32963694]
[68]
Agrawal R, Tyagi E, Shukla R, Nath C. Insulin receptor signaling in rat hippocampus: A study in STZ (ICV) induced memory deficit model. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21(3): 261-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.11.009] [PMID: 21195590]
[69]
Kosaraju J, Madhunapantula SV, Chinni S, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition by Pterocarpus marsupium and Eugenia jambolana ameliorates streptozotocin induced Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2014; 267: 55-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.026] [PMID: 24667360]
[70]
Jastrzębski MK, Wójcik P, Stępnicki P, Kaczor AA. Effects of small molecules on neurogenesis: Neuronal proliferation and differentiation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14(1): 20-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2023.10.007] [PMID: 38239239]
[71]
Chen C, Li XH, Tu Y, et al. Aβ-AGE aggravates cognitive deficit in rats via RAGE pathway. Neuroscience 2014; 257: 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.056] [PMID: 24188791]
[72]
Lauretti E, Dincer O, Praticò D. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2020; 1867(5): 118664.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118664]
[73]
Gao D, Li P, Gao F, et al. Preparation and multitarget anti-ad activity study of chondroitin sulfate lithium in ad mice induced by combination of D-Gal/AlCl3. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022; 2022(1): 9466166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9466166] [PMID: 36411758]
[74]
Whitley KC, Hamstra SI, Baranowski RW, et al. GSK3 inhibition with low dose lithium supplementation augments murine muscle fatigue resistance and specific force production. Physiol Rep 2020; 8(14): 14517.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14517] [PMID: 32729236]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
Pdf icon 24
Html icon 3
Find your institution