Current Alzheimer Research

Current Alzheimer Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1567-2050
ISSN (Online): 1875-5828

Back Subscribe
Translate in Chinese
Review Article

History of Senile Dementia from the Antiquity to the Beginning of the Modern Age

Author(s): Francesco Raudino*

Volume 22, Issue 7, 2025

Published on: 02 July, 2025

Page: [502 - 509] Pages: 8

DOI: 10.2174/0115672050387224250615171055

Price: $65

Become a Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer
Become a Editor
Become a Section Editor

Abstract

Aims: This study aims, to trace the history of age-associated dementia from the earliest historical periods to the beginning of the modern age.

Background: Since the medical literature prior to the early 19th century is relatively scarce, the near absence of senile dementia has been hypothesized.

Objective: Verify the prevalence of senile dementia across different historical periods.

Methods: Beyond the medical literature, reviewed papers addressing legal and social aspects were examined to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject.

Results: While the medical literature on the subject is limited, there are a greater abundance of sources discussing social and legislative aspects. The scientific study of dementia had began only in the early 1800s.

Conclusion: In ancient times, dementia was not particularly rare, but it was often overlooked, as it was considered an inevitable consequence of aging.

Keywords: Dementia, history of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, senile dementia, legislative aspects, consequence of aging.

[1]
Rosenberg CE, Golden J. Framing disease: Studies in cultural history 1992; xiii.
[2]
Laslett P. The world we have lost: Further explored. 2004.
[3]
Minois G. Histoire de la vieillesse en Occident. 1987.
[4]
Thane P. Old age in english history. 2000.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198203827.001.0001]
[5]
Troyansky DG. Aging in world history. 2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315675183]
[6]
Battiscombe GG. The instruction of ptah-hotep and the instruction of ke’gemni. 1906.
[7]
Bryan CP, Smith GE. Ancient egyptian medicine: The papyrus ebers. 1974.
[8]
Reisner GA. The hearst medical papyrus. 1905.
[9]
Barak Y, Achiron A. Age related disorders in the Bible. Aging Ment Health 1998; 2(4): 275-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607869856515]
[10]
Matthews VH, Moyer JC. The old testament: Text and context. 2012.
[11]
Laertius D. The lives and opinions of eminent philosophers. 1915.
[12]
Phillips DD. The law of ancient athens. 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.336862]
[13]
Griffith T, Schofield M. Plato: laws. 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139020800]
[14]
Dymes TJ. Aristotle’s constitution of athens. 1891.
[15]
Adams F. Hippocrates classics: Aphorisms. 2019.
[16]
Greive J. Cornelius celsus of medicine. 2018.
[17]
Cicero MT. Cicero De senectute: (Cato Major) a dialogue on old age 2022.
[18]
Blyth TA. A literal translation of the phormio of terence. 2010.
[19]
Campbell R. Letters from a Stoic: Epistulae Morales Ad Lucilium. 2004.
[20]
Haynes MS. The supposedly golden age for the aged in ancient rome (a study of literary concept of old age). Gerontologist 1963; 3(1): 26-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/3.1.26]
[21]
Osbaldeston TA. Dioscorides de Materia Medica. 2000.
[22]
Daremberg C H, Ruelle E. Works of rufus of ephesus, 1879.
[23]
Reynolds TF. On the causes and signs of acute and chronic disease. 1837.
[24]
Montraville Green R. A translation of galen’s hygiene: De sanitate tuenda. 2012.
[25]
Bussemaker D, Daremberg C. Oeuvres d’Oribase, Tome Sixième. 1876.
[26]
Adams F. The seven books of Paulus Aegineta: Translated from the Greek with a commentary embracing a complete view of the knowledge possessed by the Greeks, Romans, and Arabians on all subjects connected with medicine and surgery. 1864 625-690.
[27]
Scott SP. Roman civil law. 2014.
[28]
Lascaratos J, Kalantzis G, Poulakou-Rebelakou E. Nursing homes for the old (‘Gerocomeia’) in Byzantium (324-1453 AD). Gerontology 2004; 50(2): 113-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000075563] [PMID: 14963379]
[29]
Baloyannis SJ. Neurosciences in byzantine era. In: Baloyannis SJ, Ed. J Neurol Stroke 2018; 8(4): 204-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jnsk.2018.08.00310]
[30]
Poulakou-Rebelakou E, Kalantzis G, Tsiamis C, Ploumpidis D. Dementia on the Byzantine throne (AD 330–1453). Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12(3): 405-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00779.x] [PMID: 22122672]
[31]
Brock S. St Ephrem the Syrian: Hymns on Paradise. 1997.
[32]
White C. The rule of St benedict. 2008.
[33]
Wallis F. Bede: The reckoning of time. 101. 2009,
[34]
Howard DR. On the misery of the human condition. 1969.
[35]
Park K. Doctor and medicine in early renaissance florence , 54-58. 1985,
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400855001]
[36]
Gottfried RS. Doctors and medicine in early renaissance England 1340-1530 1986, , 42-48.
[37]
Croke A. Regimen sanitatis salernitanum. 1830.
[38]
de Frutos González V, Guerrero Peral AL. La neurología en los regimina sanitatis medievales. Neurología 2011; 26(7): 416-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2010.02.006] [PMID: 21163197]
[39]
Berger DS, Brewer S. Hildegard of bingen: On natural philosophy and medicine: Selections from cause et curae. 1999.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9780812297812-008]
[40]
Lev E. Drugs held and sold by pharmacists of the Jewish community of medieval (11–14th centuries) Cairo according to lists of materia medica found at the Taylor–Schechter Genizah collection, Cambridge. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 110(2): 275-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.044] [PMID: 17113257]
[41]
Browne R. The cure of old age and preservation of youth by roger bacon. 2010.
[42]
Lind LR. Gabriele Zerbi: Gerontocomia, on the care of the aged. 1988.
[43]
Burdell J. The discourses and letters of louis cornaro, on a sober and temperate life. 2015.
[44]
Miller CH. Erasmus: The praise of folly. 1979.
[45]
Monneret C. Gold, a metal adorned with a thousand therapeutic virtues. 2015.
[46]
Signore GC. History of pharmacy., 142-72. 2014,
[47]
Goodey CF. “Foolishness” in early modern medicine and the concept of intellectual disability. Med Hist 2004; 48(3): 289-310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002572730000764X] [PMID: 16021927]
[48]
Burton R. Anatomy of melancholy. 1837.
[49]
Voss SH. Descartes: The passions of the soul. 1989.
[50]
Boissier de Sauvages F. Methodical Nosology, Volume Seven. 1772.
[51]
Pinel P. Medico-philosophical treatise on mental alienation. 1809.
[52]
Esquirol E. Mental illnesses., 1838; Vol. II.
[53]
Diefendorf AR. Kraepelin Clinical Psychiatry. 1912.
[54]
Finch CE, Burstein SM. Dementia in the ancient greco-roman world was minimally mentioned. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97(4): 1581-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-230993] [PMID: 38277296]
[55]
Richardson BE. Old age among the ancient greeks. 1933.
[56]
Montagu JD. Length of life in the ancient world: A controlled study. J R Soc Med 1994; 87(1): 25-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689408700112] [PMID: 8308825]
[57]
Russell JC. Late ancient and medieval population. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1958; 48(3): 1-152.
[58]
Rowbotham J, Clayton P. An unsuitable and degraded diet? Part three: Victorian consumption patterns and their health benefits. J R Soc Med 2008; 101(9): 454-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2008.080114] [PMID: 18779247]
[59]
Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: A Delphi consensus study. Lancet 2005; 366(9503): 2112-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67889-0] [PMID: 16360788]
[60]
Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet 2020; 396(10248): 413-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6] [PMID: 32738937]
[61]
Gatz M, Mack WJ, Chui HC, et al. Prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in indigenous Bolivian forager-horticulturalists. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19(1): 44-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alz.12626] [PMID: 35262289]
[62]
Kaplan H, Thompson RC, Trumble BC, et al. Coronary atherosclerosis in indigenous South American Tsimane: A cross-sectional cohort study. Lancet 2017; 389(10080): 1730-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30752-3] [PMID: 28320601]
[63]
Rowan C J, Eskander M A, Seabright E, et al. Very low prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation among bolivian forager-farmers. Ann Glob Health 2021; 87(1): 18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3252] [PMID: 33633929]
[64]
Irimia A, Chaudhari NN, Robles DJ, et al. The indigenous south american tsimane exhibit relatively modest decrease in brain volume with age despite high systemic inflammation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76(12): 2147-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab138] [PMID: 34038540]
[65]
Chaudhari NN, Imms PE, Chowdhury NF, et al. Increases in regional brain volume across two native South American male populations. Geroscience 2024; 46(5): 4563-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11357-024-01168-2] [PMID: 38683289]
[66]
Trumble BC, Charifson M, Kraft T, et al. Apolipoprotein-ε 4 is associated with higher fecundity in a natural fertility population. Sci Adv 2023; 9(32): eade9797.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade9797] [PMID: 37556539]
[67]
Trumble BC, Stieglitz J, Blackwell AD, et al. Apolipoprotein E4 is associated with improved cognitive function in Amazonian forager-horticulturalists with a high parasite burden. FASEB J 2017; 31(4): 1508-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.201601084R] [PMID: 28031319]
[68]
Johnston K, Preston R, Strivens E, Qaloewai S, Larkins S. Understandings of dementia in low- and middle-income countries and amongst indigenous peoples: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis. Aging Ment Health 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1606891] [PMID: 31074290]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite