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Current Signal Transduction Therapy

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ISSN (Print): 1574-3624
ISSN (Online): 2212-389X

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Review Article

Advances in Anti-inflammatory Therapies for Cardiovascular Disease and Atherosclerosis

Author(s): Abdullah Al Noman, Shahrin Raisa Sejuti, Nayeema Jameel Anuva, Md. Naimur Rahman Nabin, Md. Jahidul Islam Noman, Md. Hasibul Islam, Abdur Rahman, Tahia Akter Tanme, Fahmida Afrose, Md. Raiyan Hosen, Kaniz Fahima, Ali Awsaf Sayem, Himanshu Sharma*orcid of author and Rashmi Pathakauthors OrcID

Volume 20, Issue 3, 2025

Published on: 24 April, 2025

Article ID: e15743624366056

Pages: 28

DOI: 10.2174/0115743624366056250407071501

Price: $65

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Abstract

This study aims to provide clinical and scientific information about the effects of various anti-inflammatory medicines on patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We also discussed the anti-inflammatory strategies and molecular mechanisms being investigated in preclinical or clinical CVD research. Numerous studies on anti-inflammatory medicines for CVD have resulted from greater knowledge of how innate and adaptive immunity influence plaque development and rupture. Some of these are now being evaluated in clinical trials and use lower dosages of existing medications that were initially developed for other inflammatory disorders with a high risk of CVD, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Other research includes retrospective and meta-analyses of clinical trials that examine the risk of CVD among individuals with various inflammatory diseases. We also included natural bioactive compounds, nanodrug and multiomics approaches to treat CVD by utilizing inflammatory pathways. Chronic subclinical inflammation is a major contributor to the development of CVD and has been associated with both the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukins-1 and 6 (IL-1 and IL-6), leukotrienes, and adiponectin, have been identified as independent risk factors for coronary heart disease and promoters of arterial development. Researchers are looking for ways to stop the different inflammatory pathways that lead to atherosclerosis. These include multiomics approach, antioxidants, phospholipase A2 inhibitors, leukotriene pathway inhibitors, Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors, non-inhibitors anti-inflammatory drugs (like methotrexate), IL-1 inhibitors, and p-selectin inhibitors.

Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, inflammation, anti-inflammatory drug, methotrexate, multiomics approach.

Graphical Abstract

Graphical abstract illustrating key findings of the study

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Inamdar A, Palled MS, Suryawanshi SS, Shetti P, Sharma H. A simple, cost-efficient stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of embelin and piperine for routine analysis of marketed polyherbal capsules and tablets. Nat Prod Res 2025; 1-11.
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Inamdar A, Gurupadayya B, Sharma H. The role of glial cells in autism spectrum disorder: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2025; 24: 1-20.
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Chandra P, Rastogi V, Porwal M, Sharma H, Verma A, Sachan N. A critical review on lipid nanoparticle-based siRNA formulations for breast cancer management. Pharm Nanotechnol 2024; 13: 1-19.
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Al Noman A, Dev Sharma P, Jahin Mim T, Al Azad M, Sharma H. Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of coenzyme Q10 as a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Pathobiol Ther 2024; 6(4): 1-13.
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Chandra P, Porwal M, Rastogi V, Tyagi SJ, Sharma H, Verma A. Carb‐loaded passion: A comprehensive exploration of carbohydrates in shaping aphrodisiac effects. Macromol Symp 2024; 413(5): 2400064.
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Pathak R, Sharma H, Chandra P, Halagali P, Ali Z. A compressive review: Mechanisms underlying the use of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension. Indian J Nat Sci 2024; 15(85): 78063-75.
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Sharma H, Chandra P, Pathak R, Bhandari M, Arushi SV. Advancements in the therapeutic approaches to treat neurological disorders. Cah Magellanes-NS 2024; 6(2): 4328-89.
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Chandra P, Sharma H. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Indian Drugs 2024; 61(7): 7-22.
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Pathak R, Sharma S, Bhandari M, et al. Neuroinflammation at the crossroads of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases: Causes, consequences and interventions. J Exp Zool India 2024; 21(2): 2447-61.
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Singh A, Kumar P, Sharma H. Breakthrough opportunities of nanotheranostics in psoriasis: From pathogenesis to management strategy. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24: 1-20.
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Sharma H, Tyagi SJ, Varshney P, Pathak N, Pathak R. A review on Mpox: Diagnosis, prevention and treatments. Coronaviruses 2024; 5: 1-17.
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Sharma H, Halagali P, Majumder A, Sharma V, Pathak R. Natural compounds targeting signaling pathways in breast cancer therapy. African J Biol Sci 2024; 6(10): 5430-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33472/AFJBS.6.10.2024.5430-5479]
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Sharma H, Pathak R, Biswas D. Unveiling the therapeutic potential of modern probiotics in addressing neurodegenerative disorders: A comprehensive exploration, review and future perspectives on intervention strategies. Curr Psychiatry Res Rev 2024; 20: 1-25.
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Pathak R, Kaur V, Sharma S, et al. Pazopanib: Effective monotherapy for precise cancer treatment, targeting specific mutations and tumors. Cancer 2024; 6(9): 1311-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33472/AFJBS.6.9.2024.1311-1330]
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Kapoor DU, Sharma H, Maheshwari R, et al. Konjac glucomannan: A comprehensive review of its extraction, health benefits, and pharmaceutical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339: 122266.
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Kumar P, Sharma H, Singh A, et al. Targeting the interplay of proteins through protacs for management cancer and associated disorders. Curr Cancer Ther Rev 2024; 20.
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Sharma H, Chandra P. Effects of natural remedies on memory loss and Alzheimer’s disease. Afr J Bio Sc 2024; 6(7): 187-211.
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Halagali P, Inamdar A, Singh J, et al. Phytochemicals, herbal extracts, and dietary supplements for metabolic disease management. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24.
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Sharma H, Kaushik M, Goswami P, et al. Role of miRNAs in brain development. MicroRNA 2024; 13(2): 96-109.
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Ashique S, Bhowmick M, Pal R, et al. Multi drug resistance in colorectal cancer- approaches to overcome, advancements and future success. Adv Cancer Biol Metastasis 2024; 10: 100114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adcanc.2024.100114]
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Ashique S, Pal R, Sharma H, Mishra N, Garg A. Unraveling the emerging niche role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in traumatic brain injury (TBI). CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2024; 23(11): 1357-70.
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Kumar P, Pandey S, Ahmad F, et al. Carbon nanotubes: A targeted drug delivery against cancer cell. Curr Nanosci 2023; 9: 1-31.
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Sharma H, Chandra P, Verma A, Pandey SN, Kumar P, Sigh A. Therapeutic approaches of nutraceuticals in the prevention of neurological disorders. Eur Chem Bull 2023; 12(5): 1575-96.
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Sharma H, Chandra P. Challenges and future prospects: A benefaction of phytoconstituents on molecular targets pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Pharm Investig 2023; 14(1): 117-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ijpi.14.1.15]
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Sharma H, Pathak R, Jain S, et al. Ficus racemosa L: A review on its important medicinal uses, phytochemicals and biological activities. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol 2023; 30(17): 213-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.17.018]
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Singh LP, Gugulothu S, Perusomula R, et al. Synthesis of some tetrazole and Thiazolidine-4-One derivatives of Schiff base by using ionic liquids as catalyst and evaluation of their antifungal and antibacterial activity. Eur Chem Bull 2023; 12(Special Issue8): 281-97.
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Pathak R, Sharma H, Nogai L, et al. A brief review on pathogenesis, transmission and management of monkeypox virus outbreaks. Bull Environ Pharmacol Life Sci 2023; 12(4): 244-56.
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Sharma H, Bhattacharya V, Bhatt A, et al. Optimization of formulation by box behnken and in vitro studies of emulsified gel containing zaltoprofen for the management of arthritis. in Eur Chem Bull 2023; 12(SS-4): 11734-44.
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Manju Koli, Nogai L, Bhandari M, Mishra R, Pathak R, Sharma H. Formulation and evaluation of berberine hydrochloride film coated tablet. J Pharm Negat Results 2023; 3439-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2023.14.02.403]
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Dwivedi M, Jha KK, Pandey S, Sachan A, Sharma H, Dwivedi SK. Formulation and evaluation of herbal medicated chocolate in treatment of intestinal worms and related problems. IJFANS 2022; 11(2): 1426-39.
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Sharma H, Pathak R, Kumar N, et al. Endocannabinoid system: Role in depression, recompense, and pain control. J Survey Fish Sci 2023; 10(4S): 2743-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/sfs.v10i4S.1655]
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Sharma H, Pathak R, Saxena D, Kumar N. Emerging role of non-coding RNA’S: Human health and diseases. GIS 2022; 9(7): 2022-50.
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Sharma H, Rani T, Khan S. An insight into neuropathic pain: A systemic and up-to-date review. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2023; 14(2): 607-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(2).607-21]
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Pandey P, Kumar N, Kaur T, Saini S, Sharma H. Antidiabetic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella leavess of hydro alcoholic extracts in albino rats. YMER Digital 2022; 21(7): 840-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/YMER21.07/67]
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Pathak R, Sharma H, Kumar N. A brief review on Anthocephalus cadamba. Acta Scientific Pharmacology 2022; 3(5)
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Sharma S, Dinda SCSH. Matrix types drug delivery system for sustained release : A review. ASIO J Drug Deliv 2022; 6(1): 1-8.
[251]
Sharma H, Pathak R. A review on prelimenary phytochemical screening of Curcuma longa Linn. J Pharma Herbal Med Res (ASIO-JPHMR) 2021; 7(2): 24-7.
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Pathak R, Sharma H. A review on medicinal uses of Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamon). J Drug Deliv Ther 2021; 11(6-S): 161-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i6-S.5145]
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Sharma H, Pande M, Jha KK. Hyperuricemia: A risk factor beyond gout. ASIO J Pharm Herb Med Res 2020; 6(1): 42-19.
[254]
Sharma H, Singh S, Jha KK. Treatment and recommendations for homeless patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia & heart failure- a review. J Exp Pharmacol Clin Res (ASIO-JEPCR) 2020; 6(1): 24-32.
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Sharma H, Kaushik M, Ashique S, Farid A, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. Evolving Landscape on Sex Specific Status on Lung Cancer Management: Moderating Effects, Risk Assessment. Emerging Social Issues on Targeted Drug Delivery. Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. 2024; pp. 189-220.
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Suryawanshi M, Kurtkoti S, Mulla T, Shah E, Sharma H, Bhatt H. Edible Biopolymers for Food Applications. Green Biopolymers for Packaging Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2024; pp. 228-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003455356-10]
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Suryawanshi M, Mulla T, Suryawanshi I, et al. Modified Starch in Food Packaging. Green Biopolymers for Packaging Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2024; pp. 255-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003455356-11]
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Sharma H, Kaushik M, Venishaa S, Pathak R, Farid A, Bhowmick M. Correlation and Successive Role of Synbiotics to Manage Blood Pressure. Synbiotics in Metabolic Disorders. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2024; pp. 103-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032702438-7]
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Ray P, Faseeh MA, Adak D, Sharma H. Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics on Metabolic Diseases Targeting Gut Microbiota. Synbiotics in Metabolic Disorders. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2024; pp. 160-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032702438-11]
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Chandra P, Sharma H, Sachan N. The Potential Role of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Synbiotics in Metabolic Disorders. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2024; pp. 191-213.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032702438-13]
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Kaushik M, Sharma H, Madeswaraguptha P, Vanangamudi M, Mudi V. Synbiotic. Synbiotics in Metabolic Disorders. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2024; pp. 135-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032702438-9]
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Sharma H, Kumar S, Ashique S, et al. The Impact of Probiotic and Synbiotic Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Synbiotics in Metabolic Disorders. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2024; pp. 90-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032702438-6]
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Halagali P, Nayak D, Tippavajhala VK, Rathnanand M, Biswas D, Sharma H. Navigating the nanoscopic frontier: Ethical dimensions in developing nanocarriers for neurodegenerative diseases. In: Koduru TS, Osmani RAM, Singh E, Dutta SBTTNR, Eds. Academic Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts 2025; pp. 399-420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-28822-7.00011-8]
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Halagali P, Nayak D, Rathnanand M, Tippavajhala VK, Sharma H, Biswas D. Synergizing sustainable green nanotechnology and AI/ML for advanced nanocarriers: A paradigm shift in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In: Koduru TS, Osmani RAM, Singh E, Dutta SBTTNR, Eds. Academic Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts 2025; pp. 373-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-28822-7.00017-9]
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Kumar P, Ashique S, Kumar N, et al. Regulation of Plant Hormones Under Abiotic Stress Conditions in Plants. Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress. Wiley 2024; pp. 243-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781394186457.ch10]
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Datta D, Colaco V, Bandi SP, Sharma H, Dhas N, Giram PS. Classes/types of polymers used in oral delivery (natural, semisynthetic, synthetic), their chemical structure and general functionalities. Polymers for Oral Drug Delivery Technologies. Woodhead Publishing 2025; pp. 263-333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13774-7.00007-4]
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Sharma H, Jai Tyagi S, Pathak N, Keshari A, Varshney P, Pathak R. Social, Economic, and Environmental Justifications for 3D Printing of Pharmaceutical Products. Handbook of 3D Printing in Pharmaceutics. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2024; pp. 179-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003439509-17]
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Sharma H, Pathak R, Sachan N, Chandra P. Role of Tumor Antigens for Cancer Vaccine Development. Cancer Vaccination and Challenges. New York: Apple Academic Press 2024; pp. 57-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003501718-3]
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Sharma H, Anand A, Halagali P, et al. Advancement of nanoengineered flavonoids for chronic metabolic diseases. Role of flavonoids in chronic metabolic diseases. Wiley 2024; pp. 459-510.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781394238071.ch13]
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Kaushik M, Kumar S, Singh M, et al. Bio-inspired Nanomaterials in Cancer Theranostics. Nanotheranostics for Diagnosis and Therapy. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore 2024; pp. 95-123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3115-2_5]
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Sharma H, Rachamalla HK, Mishra N, Chandra P, Pathak R, Ashique S. Introduction to exosome and its role in brain disorders. In: Mishra N, Ashique S, Garg A, Chithravel V, Anand K, Eds. Exosomes Based Drug Delivery Strategies for Brain Disorders. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore 2024; pp. 1-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8373-5_1]
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Sharma H, Tyagi SJ, Chandra P, et al. Role of exosomes in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. In: Mishra N, Ashique S, Garg A, Chithravel V, Anand K, Eds. Exosomes Based Drug Delivery Strategies for Brain Disorders. Singapore: Springer Nature 2024; pp. 147-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8373-5_6]
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Kumar P, Sharma H, Singh A, Pandey SN, Chandra P. Correlation between exosomes and neuro-inflammation in various brain disorders. In: Mishra N, Ashique S, Garg A, Chithravel V, Anand K, Eds. Exosomes Based Drug Delivery Strategies for Brain Disorders. Singapore: Springer Nature 2024; pp. 273-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8373-5_11]

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