Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Nanoscience

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4137
ISSN (Online): 1875-6786

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Photocatalytic Degradation of Binary Dyes, Methyl Orange and Methyl Green, in Aqueous Media Using 2D g-C₃N₄/Polyaniline/Silver Nanocomposite

Author(s): Pranav Vivek, Surendar Balu and Ashok K. Sundramoorthy*

Volume 22, Issue 1, 2026

Published on: 13 February, 2025

Page: [154 - 168] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/0115734137356016250211063405

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: In recent years, azo dyes have become the dominant choice in the textile industry, accounting for about 60-70% of all dyes used, which has led to growing environmental concerns.

Aim: This research focused on the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) and methyl green (MG) dyes using a novel g-C₃N₄ (GCN)/polyaniline (PANI)/Ag composite under visible light.

Methods: This composite was synthesized through a straightforward preparation process and characterized by using various techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV).

Results: Characterization results confirmed the incorporation of PANI and Ag nanoparticles into the GCN matrix. This composite enhanced the visible light absorption and improved charge separation, leading to increased photocatalytic efficiency. Photocatalytic experiments were conducted under visible light irradiation with a catalyst dosage of 10 mg in a 10-ppm solution of the MO and MG dyes mixture.

Conclusion: The GCN/PANI/Ag composite achieved significant degradation efficiencies of 70% for MO and 69% for MG within 120 minutes. The degradation process followed first-order kinetics, with rate constants of 0.0087 min-¹ for MO and 0.0086 min-¹ for MG, respectively. Reusability tests showed that the composite retained over 60% of its initial efficiency after five cycles. These findings highlight the potential of the GCN/PANI/Ag composite as a sustainable and effective photocatalyst for visible-light-driven dye degradation, offering an eco-friendly approach to wastewater treatment.

Keywords: Photocatalyst, azo dyes, GCN/PANI/Ag, wastewater treatment, multi-dye degradation, solar light photocatalyst.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Gungure, A.S.; Jule, L.T.; Nagaprasad, N.; Ramaswamy, K. Studying the properties of green synthesized silver oxide nanoparticles in the application of organic dye degradation under visible light. Sci. Rep., 2024, 14(1), 26967.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75614-8] [PMID: 39505895]
[2]
Khan, S.; Noor, T.; Iqbal, N.; Yaqoob, L. Photocatalytic dye degradation from textile wastewater: A review. ACS Omega, 2024, 9(20), 21751-21767.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c00887] [PMID: 38799325]
[3]
Al-Tohamy, R.; Ali, S.S.; Li, F.; Okasha, K.M.; Mahmoud, Y.A.G.; Elsamahy, T.; Jiao, H.; Fu, Y.; Sun, J. A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2022, 231, 113160.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113160] [PMID: 35026583]
[4]
Shivalingam, C.; Mohan, L.; Ganapathy, D.; Shanmugam, R.; Pitchiah, S.; Ramadoss, R.; Sundramoorthy, A.K. Current overview on the role of nanoparticles in water desalination technology. Curr. Anal. Chem., 2022, 18(9), 989-998.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411018666220805112549]
[5]
Boonwan, C.; Rojviroon, T.; Rojviroon, O.; Rajendran, R.; Paramasivam, S.; Chinnasamy, R.; Ansar, S.; Boonyuen, S.; Songprakorp, R. Micro-nano bubbles in action: AC/TiO2 hybrid photocatalysts for efficient organic pollutant degradation and antibacterial activity. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 2024, 61, 103400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103400]
[6]
El-Khawaga, A.M.; Tantawy, H.; Elsayed, M.A.; Abd El-Mageed, A.I.A. Synthesis and applicability of reduced graphene oxide/porphyrin nanocomposite as photocatalyst for waste water treatment and medical applications. Sci. Rep., 2022, 12(1), 17075.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21360-8] [PMID: 36224230]
[7]
Heryanto, H.; Tahir, D. Enhancing photocatalyst performance of magnetic surfaces covered by carbon clouds for textile dye degradation. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 2024, 49(6), 7979-7993.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08532-y]
[8]
Murugan, P.; Jeevanandham, G.; Sundramoorthy, A.K. Identification, interaction and detection of microplastics on fish scales (Lutjanus gibbus). Curr. Anal. Chem., 2022, 18(5), 588-597.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411017999210112180054]
[9]
Murugan, P.; Sivaperumal, P.; Balu, S.; Arya, S.; Atchudan, R.; Sundramoorthy, A.K. Recent advances on the methods developed for the identification and detection of emerging contaminant microplastics: A review. RSC Advances, 2023, 13(51), 36223-36241.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D3RA05420A] [PMID: 38090077]
[10]
Heryanto, H.; Tahir, D.; Akmal, A.; Akouibaa, A.; Rahmat, R. Photocatalysis and microwave absorption performance of cobalt particles dispersed on activated carbon surface under the role of surface, optical, and magnetic properties. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2024, 327, 129902.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.129902]
[11]
Zhang, G.; Zhang, X.; Meng, Y.; Pan, G.; Ni, Z.; Xia, S. Layered double hydroxides-based photocatalysts and visible-light driven photodegradation of organic pollutants: A review. Chem. Eng. J., 2020, 392, 123684.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123684]
[12]
Bhanderi, D.; Lakhani, P.; Modi, C.K. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as an emerging photocatalyst for sustainable environmental applications: A comprehensive review. RSC Sustainability, 2024, 2(2), 265-287.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D3SU00382E]
[13]
Lin, J.; Ye, W.; Xie, M.; Seo, D.H.; Luo, J.; Wan, Y.; Van der Bruggen, B. Environmental impacts and remediation of dye-containing wastewater. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 2023, 4(11), 785-803.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00489-8]
[14]
Chakravorty, A.; Roy, S. A review of photocatalysis, basic principles, processes, and materials. Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment, 2024, 8, 100155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100155]
[15]
Balu, S.; Ganapathy, D.; Arya, S.; Atchudan, R.; Sundramoorthy, A.K. Advanced photocatalytic materials based degradation of micropollutants and their use in hydrogen production - A review. RSC Advances, 2024, 14(20), 14392-14424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D4RA01307G] [PMID: 38699688]
[16]
Balu, S.; Chuaicham, C.; Balakumar, V.; Rajendran, S.; Sasaki, K.; Sekar, K.; Maruthapillai, A. Recent development on core-shell photo(electro)catalysts for elimination of organic compounds from pharmaceutical wastewater. Chemosphere, 2022, 298, 134311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134311] [PMID: 35307392]
[17]
Song, S.; Song, H.; Li, L.; Wang, S.; Chu, W.; Peng, K.; Meng, X.; Wang, Q.; Deng, B.; Liu, Q.; Wang, Z.; Weng, Y.; Hu, H.; Lin, H.; Kako, T.; Ye, J. A selective Au-ZnO/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst for oxidative coupling of methane to ethane with dioxygen. Nat. Catal., 2021, 4(12), 1032-1042.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41929-021-00708-9]
[18]
Cong, X.; Mazierski, P.; Miodyńska, M.; Zaleska-Medynska, A.; Horn, H.; Schwartz, T.; Gmurek, M. The role of TiO2 and gC3N4 bimetallic catalysts in boosting antibiotic resistance gene removal through photocatalyst assisted peroxone process. Sci. Rep., 2024, 14(1), 22897.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74147-4] [PMID: 39358462]
[19]
Song, Y.; Ling, L.; Westerhoff, P.; Shang, C. Evanescent waves modulate energy efficiency of photocatalysis within TiO2 coated optical fibers illuminated using LEDs. Nat. Commun., 2021, 12(1), 4101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24370-8] [PMID: 34215737]
[20]
Wang, S.; Xu, M.; Peng, T.; Zhang, C.; Li, T.; Hussain, I.; Wang, J.; Tan, B. Porous hypercrosslinked polymer-TiO2-graphene composite photocatalysts for visible-light-driven CO2 conversion. Nat. Commun., 2019, 10(1), 676.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08651-x] [PMID: 30737395]
[21]
Kavgaci, M.; Eskalen, H. Facile synthesis and characterization of gCN, gCN-Zn and gCN-Fe binary nanocomposite and its application as photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 2023, 27(3), 530-541.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1195934]
[22]
Abdullah, B.; Tahir, D.; Heryanto, H.; Tang, N.F.R.; Rahmat, R. Highly ordered structure and susceptibility to light absorption of ZnO/calcium phosphate (5%) to enhance the stability of charge diffusion as a methylene blue bond breaker. Phys. Scr., 2024, 99(2), 025901.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad17af]
[23]
Zhang, F.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, G.; Yang, Z.; Dionysiou, D.D.; Zhu, A. Exceptional synergistic enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of SnS2 by coupling with polyaniline and N-doped reduced graphene oxide. Appl. Catal. B, 2018, 236, 53-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.05.002]
[24]
Naciri, Y.; Hsini, A.; Bouziani, A.; Tanji, K.; El Ibrahimi, B.; Ghazzal, M.N.; Bakiz, B.; Albourine, A.; Benlhachemi, A.; Navío, J.A.; Li, H. Z-scheme WO3/PANI heterojunctions with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light: A depth experimental and DFT studies. Chemosphere, 2022, 292, 133468.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133468] [PMID: 34974036]
[25]
Regmi, C.; Dhakal, D.; Lee, S.W. Visible-light-induced Ag/BiVO 4 semiconductor with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial performance. Nanotechnology, 2018, 29(6), 064001.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aaa052] [PMID: 29219840]
[26]
Dave, P.N.; Chaturvedi, S. Carbon dots: Synthesis, photocatalyst, and future perspective. ACS Symposium Series, 2024, pp. 63-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2024-1465.ch003]
[27]
Hu, C.; Chen, Q.; Tian, M.; Wang, W.; Yu, J.; Chen, L. Efficient combination of carbon quantum dots and BiVO4 for significantly enhanced photocatalytic activities. Catalysts, 2023, 13(3), 463.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13030463]
[28]
Heryanto, H.; Mutmainna, I.; Rahmi, M.H.; Tenri Ola, A.T.; Tang, N.F.R.; Mohamed, M.A.; Tahir, D. Favourable peak diffraction shift moments as a function of Mg doping on ZnO matrix as a promising catalyst for methylene blue waste. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2024, 313, 128772.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.128772]
[29]
Verma, P.; Samanta, S.K. Facile synthesis of TiO2-PC composites for enhanced photocatalytic abatement of multiple pollutant dye mixtures: A comprehensive study on the kinetics, mechanism, and effects of environmental factors. Res. Chem. Intermed., 2018, 44(3), 1963-1988.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-017-3209-8]
[30]
Qamar, M.A.; Shahid, S.; Javed, M.; Shariq, M.; Fadhali, M.M.; Madkhali, O.; Ali, S.K.; Syed, I.S.; Awaji, M.Y.; Shakir Khan, M.; Hassan, D.A.; Al Nasir, M.H. Accelerated decoloration of organic dyes from wastewater using ternary metal/g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposites: An investigation of impact of g-C3N4 concentration and Ni and Mn doping. Catalysts, 2022, 12(11), 1388.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111388]
[31]
Vaya, D.; Kaushik, P.K.; Rao, G. Study of photocatalytic degradation and simultaneous removal of a mixture of pollutant (MB and MG) dyes: Kinetic and adsorption isotherm. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Asia, 2022, 12(6), e151122210922.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681213666221115142649]
[32]
Hu, K.; Yao, M.; Yang, Z.; Xiao, G.; Zhu, L.; Zhang, H.; Liu, R.; Zou, B.; Liu, B. Pressure tuned photoluminescence and band gap in two-dimensional layered g-C3N4: The effect of interlayer interactions. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(23), 12300-12307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0NR01542C] [PMID: 32285075]
[33]
Chen, S.; Wei, Z.; Qi, X.; Dong, L.; Guo, Y.G.; Wan, L.; Shao, Z.; Li, L. Nanostructured polyaniline-decorated Pt/C@PANI core-shell catalyst with enhanced durability and activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134(32), 13252-13255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja306501x] [PMID: 22849618]
[34]
Ghosh, S.; Das, P.S.; Biswas, M.; Samajdar, S.; Mukhopadhyay, J. Z-scheme ferrite nanoparticle/graphite carbon nitride nanosheet heterojunctions for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 107, 586-596.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.06.167]
[35]
Matias, M.L.; Reis-Machado, A.S.; Rodrigues, J.; Calmeiro, T.; Deuermeier, J.; Pimentel, A.; Fortunato, E.; Martins, R.; Nunes, D. Microwave synthesis of visible-light-activated g-C3N4/TiO2 photocatalysts. Nanomaterials (Basel), 2023, 13(6), 1090.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13061090] [PMID: 36985984]
[36]
Murugan, N.; Chan-Park, M.B.; Sundramoorthy, A.K. Electrochemical detection of uric acid on exfoliated nanosheets of graphitic-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) based sensor. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2019, 166(9), B3163-B3170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0261909jes]
[37]
Nguyen, T.T.; Bui, H.T.; Nguyen, G.T.; Hoang, T.N.; Van Tran, C.; Ho, P.H.; Hoai Nguyen, P.T.; Kim, J.Y.; Chang, S.W.; Chung, W.J.; Nguyen, D.D.; La, D.D. Facile preparation of porphyrin@g-C3N4/Ag nanocomposite for improved photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solution. Environ. Res., 2023, 231(Pt 1), 115984.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115984] [PMID: 37156354]
[38]
Meng, Q.; Yuan, M.; Lv, H.; Chen, Z.; Zhou, G.; Chen, Z.; Wang, X. Facile construction of metal‐Free g‐C3N4 isotype heterojunction with highly enhanced visible‐light photocatalytic performance. ChemistrySelect, 2017, 2(24), 6970-6978.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.201700705]
[39]
Ekande, O.S.; Kumar, M. New insight on interfacial charge transfer at graphitic carbon nitride/sodium niobate heterojunction under piezoelectric effect for the generation of reactive oxygen species. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2023, 651, 477-493.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.189] [PMID: 37556905]
[40]
Rajendran, R.; Rojviroon, O.; Vasudevan, V.; Arumugam, P.; Handayani, M.; Akechatree, N.; Leelert, Y.; Rojviroon, T. Magnetically separable ternary heterostructure photocatalyst CuFe2O4/g-C3N4/rGO: Enhancing photocatalytic degradation and bacterial inactivation. J. Water Process Eng., 2024, 63, 105443.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105443]
[41]
Mallick, P.; Sahoo, S.K.; Satpathy, S.K. Different strategies to improve photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) semiconductor nanomaterials for hydrogen generation. J. Mol. Liq., 2024, 406, 125071.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2024.125071]
[42]
Muthuganesh, A.; Davis Jacob, I.; Soundranayagam, J.P.; Surender, S.; Elangovan, P.; Helan Flora, X. Fabrication of g-C3N4/CuS heterostructures for efficient visible light-driven photocatalysts. Inorg. Chem. Commun., 2024, 159, 111813.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111813]
[43]
Naseri, A.; Samadi, M.; Pourjavadi, A.; Moshfegh, A.Z.; Ramakrishna, S. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4)-based photocatalysts for solar hydrogen generation: Recent advances and future development directions. J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. Energy Sustain., 2017, 5(45), 23406-23433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7TA05131J]
[44]
Nishimura, S.; Mott, D.; Takagaki, A.; Maenosono, S.; Ebitani, K. Role of base in the formation of silver nanoparticles synthesized using sodium acrylate as a dual reducing and encapsulating agent. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13(20), 9335-9343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cp02985h] [PMID: 21479291]
[45]
Nguyen Xuan, T.; Nguyen Thi, D.; Tran Thuong, Q.; Nguyen Ngoc, T.; Dang Quoc, K.; Molnár, Z.; Mukhtar, S.; Szabó-Bárdos, E.; Horváth, O. Effect of copper-modification of g-C3N4 on the visible-light-driven photocatalytic oxidation of nitrophenols. Molecules, 2023, 28(23), 7810.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237810] [PMID: 38067540]
[46]
Mo, Z.; She, X.; Li, Y.; Liu, L.; Huang, L.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Xu, H.; Li, H. Synthesis of g-C3N4 at different temperatures for superior visible/UV photocatalytic performance and photoelectrochemical sensing of MB solution. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(123), 101552-101562.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5RA19586A]
[47]
Abdelhamied, M.M.; Atta, A.; Abdelreheem, A.M.; Farag, A.T.M.; El Okr, M.M. Synthesis and optical properties of PVA/PANI/Ag nanocomposite films. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., 2020, 31(24), 22629-22641.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04774-w]
[48]
Makuła, P.; Pacia, M.; Macyk, W. How to correctly determine the band gap energy of modified semiconductor photocatalysts based on UV-vis spectra. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2018, 9(23), 6814-6817.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02892] [PMID: 30990726]
[49]
Ma, C.; Yang, Z.; Wang, W.; Zhang, M.; Hao, X.; Zhu, S.; Chen, S. Fabrication of Ag-Cu2O/PANI nanocomposites for visible-light photocatalysis triggering super antibacterial activity. J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices, 2020, 8(8), 2888-2898.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9TC05891E]
[50]
Papadopoulou-Fermeli, N.; Lagopati, N.; Gatou, M.A.; Pavlatou, E.A. Biocompatible PANI-encapsulated chemically modified nano-TiO2 particles for visible-light photocatalytic applications. Nanomaterials (Basel), 2024, 14(7), 642.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14070642] [PMID: 38607176]
[51]
Wang, J.; Zhang, K.; Zhao, L. Sono-assisted synthesis of nanostructured polyaniline for adsorption of aqueous Cr(VI): Effect of protonic acids. Chem. Eng. J., 2014, 239, 123-131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.11.006]
[52]
Ge, L.; Han, C.; Liu, J. In situ synthesis and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activities of novel PANI-g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts. J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22(23), 11843.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm16241e]
[53]
Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, A.; Shams-Ghahfarokhi, Z. Photodegradation of methyl green by Nickel‐Dimethylglyoxime/ZSM‐5 zeolite as a heterogeneous catalyst. J. Chem., 2013, 2013(1), 104093.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/104093]
[54]
Cyril, N.; George, J.B.; Joseph, L.; Sylas, V.P. Catalytic degradation of methyl orange and selective sensing of mercury ion in aqueous solutions using green synthesized silver nanoparticles from the seeds of derris trifoliata. J. Cluster Sci., 2019, 30(2), 459-468.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01508-9]
[55]
Groeneveld, I.; Kanelli, M.; Ariese, F.; van Bommel, M.R. Parameters that affect the photodegradation of dyes and pigments in solution and on substrate - An overview. Dyes Pigments, 2023, 210, 110999.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2022.110999]
[56]
Iqbal, A.; Yusaf, A.; Usman, M.; Hussain Bokhari, T.; Mansha, A. Insight into the degradation of different classes of dyes by advanced oxidation processes; a detailed review. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 2024, 104(17), 5503-5537.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2022.2125312]
[57]
Kar, P.; Sathiyan, G.; Vivekanandan, K.E.; Venkatesan, G.; Siva, G.; Subramani, R.; Kandasamy, S. A comprehensive review on tailoring factors of porous bismuth oxyhalide photocatalysts for wastewater treatment application. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 2025, 166, 105234.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2023.105234]
[58]
Dong, H.; Sun, J.; Chen, G.; Li, C.; Hu, Y.; Lv, C. An advanced Ag-based photocatalyst Ag2Ta4O11 with outstanding activity, durability and universality for removing organic dyes. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014, 16, 23915-23921.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4CP03494E]
[59]
Liu, F.Y.; Zeng, H.Y.; Xiong, J.; Peng, D.Y.; Xu, S.; An, D.S. A p-n heterostructural g-C3N4/PANI composite for the remediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants in water. New J. Chem., 2022, 46(33), 15937-15949.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D2NJ02162E]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
24
2
Wayfinder Image
© 2026 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy