Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Adolescent Psychiatry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2210-6766
ISSN (Online): 2210-6774

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Digital Screen Time and Associated Health Factors: A Bibliometric Study on Global Research Trends Between 2012-2023

Author(s): Arti Singh, P. Padma Sri Lekha, Bhoomika N. Jadhav and E.P. Abdul Azeez*

Volume 15, Issue 3, 2025

Published on: 14 January, 2025

Page: [257 - 278] Pages: 22

DOI: 10.2174/0122106766351202250110055724

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Screen time has become an inevitable aspect of daily life due to increased technological access and changes in the social and economic landscapes. The increase in screen time is associated with the development of various health conditions. Contextually, research on screen time and its health impact has been studied widely. Therefore, the present study tried to understand the trends and themes in the global research on screen time and its associated health aspects.

Methods: We adopted a bibliometric review, and the data were extracted from the SCOPUS database, limiting it to 2012-2023 (n =4077). The final number of studies considered for the analysis were 2919 after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results: Scientific production has increased over the years on this topic, with few consistent contributors (Tremblay MS, Chaput JP, and Carson V) and sources from Western countries leading the production in this domain. In addition, from the results of thematic network mapping, we identified the basic yet underdeveloped topics in screen time and health research, namely obesity, risk factors to health, and mental health. A good proportion of the studies involve children and adolescents as participants, indicating the growing trend of studying screen time risk factors for these age groups' health.

Conclusion: It was evident from the result that the earlier works have focused on screen time as a risk to health and well-being. However, its role in specific health conditions is underdeveloped. Further, the case of adolescents and children being a widely studied age group suggests the implications for their health and mental health.

Keywords: Screen time, health, psychological health, bibliometric analysis, health factors, mental health.

« Previous Next »
Abbasi, A. (2016). A longitudinal analysis of link formation on collaboration networks. J. Informetrics, 10(3), 685-692.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2016.05.001]
Akinbinu, T.R., Mashalla, Y.J. (2014). Medical practice and review Impact of computer technology on health: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Acade. J., 5(November), 20-30.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/MPR.2014.0121]
Allen, L.P., Kelly, C., Hatala, A.R. (2024). Answering tough questions: Why is qualitative research essential for public health? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. (Vol. 48, p. 100157). United States.
Aria, M., Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J. Informetrics, 11(4), 959-975.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007]
Babic, M.J., Smith, J.J., Morgan, P.J., Eather, N., Plotnikoff, R.C., Lubans, D.R. (2017). Longitudinal associations between changes in screen-time and mental health outcomes in adolescents. Ment. Health Phys. Act., 12, 124-131.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2017.04.001]
Bao, J., Drobe, B., Wang, Y., Chen, K., Seow, E.J., Lu, F. (2015). Influence of near tasks on posture in myopic chinese school children. Optom. Vis. Sci., 92(8), 908-915.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000000658] [PMID: 26107025]
Beuckels, E., Ye, G., Hudders, L., Cauberghe, V. (2021). Media multitasking: A bibliometric approach and literature review. Front. Psychol., 12, 623643.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623643] [PMID: 34248735]
Bowman, S.A. (2006). Television-viewing characteristics of adults: Correlations to eating practices and overweight and health status. Prev. Chronic Dis., 3(2), A38.
[PMID: 16539779]
Brazendale, K., Beets, M.W., Weaver, R.G., Pate, R.R., Turner-McGrievy, G.M., Kaczynski, A.T., Chandler, J.L., Bohnert, A., von Hippel, P.T. (2017). Understanding differences between summer vs. school obesogenic behaviors of children: The structured days hypothesis. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 14(1), 100.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0555-2] [PMID: 28747186]
Browne, D.T., May, S.S., Colucci, L., Hurst-Della Pietra, P., Christakis, D., Asamoah, T., Hale, L., Delrahim-Howlett, K., Emond, J.A., Fiks, A.G., Madigan, S., Perlman, G., Rumpf, H.J., Thompson, D., Uzzo, S., Stapleton, J., Neville, R., Prime, H. (2021). From screen time to the digital level of analysis: A scoping review of measures for digital media use in children and adolescents. BMJ Open, 11(5), e046367.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046367] [PMID: 34011597]
Cain, N., Gradisar, M. (2010). Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review. Sleep Med., 11(8), 735-742.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.006] [PMID: 20673649]
Carson, V., Hunter, S., Kuzik, N., Gray, C.E., Poitras, V.J., Chaput, J.P., Saunders, T.J., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Okely, A.D., Connor Gorber, S., Kho, M.E., Sampson, M., Lee, H., Tremblay, M.S. (2016). Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: An update. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 41(6) (Suppl. 3), S240-S265.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0630] [PMID: 27306432]
Cellini, N., Canale, N., Mioni, G., Costa, S. (2020). Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID‐19 lockdown in Italy. J. Sleep Res., 29(4), e13074.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13074] [PMID: 32410272]
Chassiakos, Y.L.R., Radesky, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M.A., Cross, C., Hill, D., Ameenuddin, N., Hutchinson, J., Levine, A., Boyd, R., Mendelson, R., Swanson, W.S. (2016). Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162593.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2593] [PMID: 27940795]
Cheung, C.H.M., Bedford, R., Saez De Urabain, I.R., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Smith, T.J. (2017). Daily touchscreen use in infants and toddlers is associated with reduced sleep and delayed sleep onset. Sci. Rep., 7(1), 46104.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep46104] [PMID: 28406474]
Ciotti, V., Bonaventura, M., Nicosia, V., Panzarasa, P., Latora, V. (2016). Homophily and missing links in citation networks. EPJ Data Sci., 5(1), 7.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-016-0068-2] [PMID: 32355597]
Cobo, M.J., Jürgens, B., Herrero-Solana, V., Martínez, M.A., Herrera-Viedma, E. (2018). Industry 4.0: A perspective based on bibliometric analysis. Procedia Comput. Sci., 139, 364-371.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.278]
Coyne, S.M., Rogers, A.A., Zurcher, J.D., Stockdale, L., Booth, M. (2020). Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: An eight year longitudinal study. Comput. Human Behav., 104, 106160.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106160]
DeGusta, M. (2024). Are smart phones spreading faster than any technology in human history? | mit technology review. Available from: https://www.technology review.com/2012/05/09/186160/are-smart-phones-spreading-faster-than-any-technology-in-human-history/
Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., Lim, W.M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. J. Bus. Res., 133(May), 285-296.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070]
Dunstan, D.W., Salmon, J., Owen, N., Armstrong, T., Zimmet, P.Z., Welborn, T.A., Cameron, A.J., Dwyer, T., Jolley, D., Shaw, J.E. (2004). Physical activity and television viewing in relation to risk of undiagnosed abnormal glucose metabolism in adults. Diabetes Care, 27(11), 2603-2609.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.11.2603] [PMID: 15504993]
Dwyer, R.J., Kushlev, K., Dunn, E.W. (2018). Smartphone use undermines enjoyment of face-to-face social interactions. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 78, 233-239.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.10.007]
Fan, D., Breslin, D., Callahan, J.L., Iszatt-White, M. (2022). Advancing literature review methodology through rigour, generativity, scope and transparency. Int. J. Manag. Rev., 24(2), 171-180.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12291]
Ford, E.S., Caspersen, C.J. (2012). Sedentary behaviour and cardiovascular disease: A review of prospective studies. Int. J. Epidemiol., 41(5), 1338-1353.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys078] [PMID: 22634869]
Ford, E.S., Schulze, M.B., Kröger, J., Pischon, T., Bergmann, M.M., Boeing, H. (2010). Television watching and incident diabetes: Findings from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition–potsdam study. J. Diabetes, 2(1), 23-27.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-0407.2009.00047.x] [PMID: 20923471]
Glass, A.L., Kang, M. (2019). Dividing attention in the classroom reduces exam performance. Educ. Psychol., 39(3), 395-408.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1489046]
Goksu, I. (2021). Bibliometric mapping of mobile learning. Telemat. Inform., 56, 101491.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101491]
Granic, I., Morita, H., Scholten, H. (2020). Beyond screen time: Identity development in the digital age. Psychol. Inq., 31(3), 195-223.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2020.1820214]
Hale, L., Guan, S. (2015). Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Sleep Med. Rev., 21, 50-58.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007] [PMID: 25193149]
Harris, (2013). Pearson student mobile device survey national report: College students. Available from:. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/US-college-students-daily-use-of-mobile-devices-Source-Pearson-Student-Mobile-Device_fig1_321878791
Hu, F.B., Li, T.Y., Colditz, G.A., Willett, W.C., Manson, J.E. (2003). Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA, 289(14), 1785-1791.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.14.1785] [PMID: 12684356]
Jiang, Y., Ritchie, B.W., Benckendorff, P. (2019). Bibliometric visualisation: An application in tourism crisis and disaster management research. Curr. Issues Tour., 22(16), 1925-1957.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1408574]
Kabali, H.K., Irigoyen, M.M., Nunez-Davis, R., Budacki, J.G., Mohanty, S.H., Leister, K.P., Bonner, R.L., Jr (2015). Exposure and use of mobile media devices by young children. Pediatrics, 136(6), 1044-1050.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2151] [PMID: 26527548]
Kemp, S. (2023). Global overview report — datareportal – global digital insights. Available from: https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-global-overview-report
Khouja, J.N., Munafò, M.R., Tilling, K., Wiles, N.J., Joinson, C., Etchells, P.J., John, A., Hayes, F.M., Gage, S.H., Cornish, R.P. (2019). Is screen time associated with anxiety or depression in young people? Results from a UK birth cohort. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 82.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6321-9] [PMID: 30654771]
King, D.L., Delfabbro, P.H., Billieux, J., Potenza, M.N. (2020). Problematic online gaming and the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Behav. Addict., 9(2), 184-186.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00016] [PMID: 32352927]
Lim, W.M., Kumar, S., Ali, F. (2022). Advancing knowledge through literature reviews: ‘what’, ‘why’, and ‘how to contribute’. Serv. Ind. J., 42(7-8), 481-513.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2022.2047941]
Lissak, G. (2018). Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environ. Res., 164, 149-157.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015] [PMID: 29499467]
Liu, M., Wu, L., Yao, S. (2016). Dose–response association of screen time-based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Br. J. Sports Med., 50(20), 1252-1258.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095084] [PMID: 26552416]
López-Muñoz, F., Alamo, C., Rubio, G., García-García, P., Martín-Agueda, B., Cuenca, E. (2003). Bibliometric analysis of biomedical publications on SSRI during 1980-2000. Depress. Anxiety, 18(2), 95-103.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.10121] [PMID: 12964177]
Lotka, A.J. (1926). The frequency distribution of scientific productivity. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 16(12), 317-323.
Madigan, S., Browne, D., Racine, N., Mori, C., Tough, S. (2019). Association between screen time and children’s performance on a developmental screening test. JAMA Pediatr., 173(3), 244-250.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5056] [PMID: 30688984]
Magee, C.A., Lee, J.K., Vella, S.A. (2014). Bidirectional relationships between sleep duration and screen time in early childhood. JAMA Pediatr., 168(5), 465-470.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4183] [PMID: 24589672]
Malik, V.S., Pan, A., Willett, W.C., Hu, F.B. (2013). Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 98(4), 1084-1102.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.058362] [PMID: 23966427]
Mars, B., Gunnell, D., Biddle, L., Kidger, J., Moran, P., Winstone, L., Heron, J. (2020). Prospective associations between internet use and poor mental health: A population-based study. PLoS One, 15(7), e0235889.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235889] [PMID: 32701974]
Meyer, J., McDowell, C., Lansing, J., Brower, C., Smith, L., Tully, M., Herring, M. (2020). Changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior in response to COVID-19 and their associations with mental health in 3052 US adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17(18), 6469.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186469] [PMID: 32899495]
Moore, S.A., Faulkner, G., Rhodes, R.E., Brussoni, M., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Ferguson, L.J., Mitra, R., O’Reilly, N., Spence, J.C., Vanderloo, L.M., Tremblay, M.S. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: A national survey. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 17(1), 85.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00987-8] [PMID: 32631350]
Moreno-Llamas, A., García-Mayor, J., De la Cruz-Sánchez, E. (2020). The impact of digital technology development on sitting time across Europe. Technol. Soc., 63, 101406.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101406]
Nakshine, V.S., Thute, P., Khatib, M.N., Sarkar, B. (2022). Increased screen time as a cause of declining physical, psychological health, and sleep patterns: A literary review. Cureus, 14(10), e30051.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30051] [PMID: 36381869]
Neophytou, E., Manwell, L.A., Eikelboom, R. (2021). Effects of excessive screen time on neurodevelopment, learning, memory, mental health, and neurodegeneration: A scoping review. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict., 19(3), 724-744.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00182-2]
Opdal, I.M., Morseth, B., Handegård, B.H., Lillevoll, K.R., Nilsen, W., Nielsen, C., Furberg, A.S., Rosenbaum, S., Rognmo, K. (2020). Is change in mental distress among adolescents predicted by sedentary behaviour or screen time? Results from the longitudinal population study the tromsø study: Fit futures. BMJ Open, 10(2), e035549.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035549] [PMID: 32054629]
Orben, A., Przybylski, A.K. (2019). The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nat. Hum. Behav., 3(2), 173-182.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1] [PMID: 30944443]
Oswald, T.K., Rumbold, A.R., Kedzior, S.G.E., Moore, V.M. (2020). Psychological impacts of “screen time” and “green time” for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review. PLoS One, 15(9), e0237725.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237725] [PMID: 32886665]
Przybylski, A.K., Weinstein, N. (2017). A large-scale test of the goldilocks hypothesis. Psychol. Sci., 28(2), 204-215.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616678438] [PMID: 28085574]
Przybylski, A.K., Weinstein, N. (2019). Digital screen time limits and young children’s psychological well‐being: Evidence from a population‐based study. Child Dev., 90(1), e56-e65.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13007] [PMID: 29235663]
Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K., Abdollahi, A., Treiblmaier, H. (2022). The big picture on Instagram research: Insights from a bibliometric analysis. Telemat. Inform., 73, 101876.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101876]
Revealing average screen time statistics for. Available from:https://backlinko.com/screen-time-statistics(Accessed on: 2024 Nov 22)
Rideout, V., Robb, M.B. (2020). The common sense census. Available from: https://www.commonsens emedia.org/research/the-common-sense-census-media-use-by-kids-age-zero-to-eight-2020
Roamer, C., Borchardt, R. (2015). Advances in Consumer Research. 1-8. Available from:.http://Www.Acrwebsite.Org/Volumes/Dis
Robinson, T.N., Banda, J.A., Hale, L., Lu, A.S., Fleming-Milici, F., Calvert, S.L., Wartella, E. (2017). Screen media exposure and obesity in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 140 (Suppl. 2), S97-S101.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758K] [PMID: 29093041]
Rojas-Sánchez, M.A., Palos-Sánchez, P.R., Folgado-Fernández, J.A. (2023). Systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis on virtual reality and education. Educ. Inf. Technol., 28(1), 155-192.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11167-5] [PMID: 35789766]
Santos, L., Reeve, R. (2020). Screen time and youth health issues: A literature review. Available from: https://www.ijede.ca/index.php/jde/article/view/1163
Santos, R.M.S., Mendes, C.G., Sen Bressani, G.Y., de Alcantara Ventura, S., de Almeida Nogueira, Y.J., de Miranda, D.M., Romano-Silva, M.A. (2023). The associations between screen time and mental health in adolescents: A systematic review. BMC Psychol., 11(1), 127.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01166-7] [PMID: 37081557]
Schmidt, M.E., Haines, J., O’Brien, A., McDonald, J., Price, S., Sherry, B., Taveras, E.M. (2012). Systematic review of effective strategies for reducing screen time among young children. Obesity (Silver Spring), 20(7), 1338-1354.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.348] [PMID: 22222926]
Semar, R., Bakshi, N. (2022). Correlation of screen time with eating behavior among school-going children aged 8 to 10 years in east delhi, india. J. Ind. Asso. Child Ado. Ment. Heal., 18(4), 283-289.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09731342221144877]
Shang, L., Wang, J., O’Loughlin, J., Tremblay, A., Mathieu, M.È., Henderson, M., Gray-Donald, K. (2015). Screen time is associated with dietary intake in overweight Canadian children. Prev. Med. Rep., 2, 265-269.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.04.003] [PMID: 26844082]
Sharma, M., Sarin, A., Gupta, P., Sachdeva, S., Desai, A. (2014). Journal impact factor: Its use, significance and limitations. World J. Nucl. Med., 13(2), 146.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1450-1147.139151] [PMID: 25191134]
Stiglic, N., Viner, R.M. (2019). Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open, 9(1), e023191.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191] [PMID: 30606703]
Strasburger, V.C., Hogan, J.M., Mulligan, D.A., Ameenuddin, N., Christakis, D.A., Cross, C. (2013). Fagbuy,i D.B., Hill, D.L., Levine, A.E., McCarthy, C., Moreno, A.M., Swanson, W.S.L.. Children, Adolescents, and the Media.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2656] [PMID: 28448255]
Taj, F., Klein, M.C.A., van Halteren, A. (2019). Digital health behavior change technology: Bibliometric and scoping review of two decades of research. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, 7(12), e13311.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13311] [PMID: 31833836]
Tullu, M. (2019). Writing the title and abstract for a research paper: Being concise, precise, and meticulous is the key. Saudi J. Anaesth., 13(5) (Suppl. 1), 12.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sja.SJA_685_18] [PMID: 30930712]
Twenge, J.M., Campbell, W.K. (2018). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Prev. Med. Rep., 12, 271-283.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003] [PMID: 30406005]
Twenge, J.M., Joiner, T.E., Rogers, M.L., Martin, G.N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among u.s. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clin. Psychol. Sci., 6(1), 3-17.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702617723376]
Verhoef, M.J., Casebeer, A.L. (1997). Broadening horizons: Integrating quantitative and qualitative research. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol., 8(2), 65-66.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/349145] [PMID: 22514478]
Verma, S., Gustafsson, A. (2020). Investigating the emerging COVID-19 research trends in the field of business and management: A bibliometric analysis approach. J. Bus. Res., 118, 253-261.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.057] [PMID: 32834211]
Viner, R.M., Gireesh, A., Stiglic, N., Hudson, L.D., Goddings, A.L., Ward, J.L., Nicholls, D.E. (2019). Roles of cyberbullying, sleep, and physical activity in mediating the effects of social media use on mental health and wellbeing among young people in England: A secondary analysis of longitudinal data. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health, 3(10), 685-696.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30186-5] [PMID: 31420213]
Vizcaino, M., Buman, M., DesRoches, T., Wharton, C. (2020). From TVs to tablets: The relation between device-specific screen time and health-related behaviors and characteristics. BMC Publ. Heal., 20(1), 1295.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09410-0] [PMID: 32847553]
Wallenius, M., Hirvonen, A., Lindholm, H., Rimpela, A., Nygard, C.H., Saarni, L., Punamaki, R.L. (2010). Salivary cortisol in relation to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in school-aged children. Psychology, 1(2), 88-95.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2010.12012]
Wallin, J.A. (2005). Bibliometric methods: Pitfalls and possibilities. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 97(5), 261-275.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_139.x] [PMID: 16236137]
Wang, X., Li, Y., Fan, H. (2019). The associations between screen time-based sedentary behavior and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1524.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7904-9] [PMID: 31727052]
Woessner, M.N., Tacey, A., Levinger-Limor, A., Parker, A.G., Levinger, P., Levinger, I. (2021). The evolution of technology and physical inactivity: The good, the bad, and the way forward. Front. Public Health, 9(May), 655491.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.655491] [PMID: 34123989]
World Health Organization. ( 2019) . Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age: Summary Available from:. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/325147
Wu, L., Sun, S., He, Y., Jiang, B. (2016). The effect of interventions targeting screen time reduction. Medicine, 95(27), e4029.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004029] [PMID: 27399085]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
28
2
Wayfinder Image
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy