Login Register Cart 0
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5230
ISSN (Online): 1875-614X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

A Comprehensive Review on Insect Repellent Agents: Medicinal Plants and Synthetic Compounds

Author(s): Deepak K. Yadav, Sunny Ratheeorcid of author, Versha Sharmaorcid of author and Umesh K. Patil*

Volume 24, Issue 2, 2025

Published on: 16 October, 2024

Page: [84 - 102] Pages: 19

DOI: 10.2174/0118715230322355240903072704

Price: $65

Become a Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer
Become a Editor
Become a Section Editor

Abstract

Plant-based repellents have been used for generations as personal protection against mosquitoes. Ethnobotanical studies provide valuable knowledge for developing natural products. Commercial repellents with plant-based ingredients are popular, but insufficient studies follow Pesticide Evaluation Scheme WHO guidelines. Further standardized studies are needed to evaluate repellent compounds and develop high-repellency and safe products. Essential Oils (EOs) from aromatic plants have gained popularity as low-risk insecticides due to their low toxicity and short environmental persistence. These plant-derived EOs, produced through steam distillation, have repellent, insecticidal, and growth-reducing effects on various insects. They control phytophagous insects, bite flies, and home and garden insects. US registration is the main hurdle for new EOs. This review explores the use of essential oils from plants as a natural repellent, focusing on their effectiveness and synergistic effects. Essential oils are volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons with diverse functional groups, and their effectiveness is linked to monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Synergistic effects can improve their effectiveness, and the use of other natural products, like vanillin, can increase protection time. Cymbopogon spp., Ocimum spp., and Eucalyptus spp. are among the most promising plant families.

Keywords: Insects, insect repellents, repellent plants, synthetic repellents, pesticide evaluation scheme WHO guidelines, essential oils.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Conte JE Jr. A novel approach to preventing insect-borne diseases. N Engl J Med 1997; 337(11): 785-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199709113371112] [PMID: 9287238]
[2]
Ghosh A, Chowdhury N, Chandra G. Plant extracts as potential mosquito larvicides. Indian J Med Res 2012; 135(5): 581-98.
[PMID: 22771587]
[3]
Dayan FE, Cantrell CL, Duke SO. Natural products in crop protection. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17(12): 4022-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.046] [PMID: 19216080]
[4]
Farzaei MH, Abbasabadi Z, Ardekani MRS, Rahimi R, Farzaei F. Parsley: A review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activities. J Tradit Chin Med 2013; 33(6): 815-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6272(14)60018-2] [PMID: 24660617]
[5]
Isman MB. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu Rev Entomol 2006; 51(1): 45-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151146] [PMID: 16332203]
[6]
Arlian LG, Runyan RA, Sorlie LB, Estes SA. Host-seeking behavior of Sarcoptes scabiei. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 11(4): 594-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(84)70212-X] [PMID: 6436342]
[7]
Arlian LG, Vyszenski-Moher DL. Response of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis (Acari: Sarcoptidae) to lipids of mammalian skin. J Med Entomol 1995; 32(1): 34-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/32.1.34] [PMID: 7869340]
[8]
Das NG, Baruah I, Talukdar PK, Das SC. Evaluation of botanicals as repellents against mosquitoes. J Vector Borne Dis 2003; 40(1-2): 49-53.
[PMID: 15119071]
[9]
Kilonzo BS, Ngomuo AJ, Sabuni CA, Mgode GF. Effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract on livestock fleas in Morogoro district, Tanzania. Int J Trop Insect Sci 2001; 21(1): 89-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400020099]
[10]
Okumu FO, Knols BGJ, Fillinger U. Larvicidal effects of a neem (Azadirachta indica) oil formulation on the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Malar J 2007; 6(1): 63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-6-63] [PMID: 17519000]
[11]
McCABE ET, Barthel WF, Gertler SI, Hall SA. Insect Repellents. Iii. N, N-Diethylamides1. J Org Chem 1954; 19(4): 493-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo01369a003]
[12]
Corbel V, Stankiewicz M, Pennetier C, et al. Evidence for inhibition of cholinesterases in insect and mammalian nervous systems by the insect repellent deet. BMC Biol 2009; 7(1): 47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-7-47] [PMID: 19656357]
[13]
Xia Y, Wang G, Buscariollo D, Pitts RJ, Wenger H, Zwiebel LJ. The molecular and cellular basis of olfactory-driven behavior in Anopheles gambiae larvae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105(17): 6433-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801007105] [PMID: 18427108]
[14]
Ditzen M, Pellegrino M, Vosshall LB. Insect odorant receptors are molecular targets of the insect repellent DEET. Science 2008; 319(5871): 1838-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1153121] [PMID: 18339904]
[15]
Syed Z, Leal WS. Mosquitoes smell and avoid the insect repellent DEET. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105(36): 13598-603.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805312105] [PMID: 18711137]
[16]
Boeckh J, Breer H, Geier M, et al. Acylated 1, 3-aminopropanols as repellents against bloodsucking arthropods. Pestic Sci 1996; 48(4): 359-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199612)48:4<359::AID-PS490>3.0.CO;2-Z]
[17]
Sanghong R, Junkum A, Chaithong U, et al. Remarkable repellency of Ligusticum sinense (Umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Malar J 2015; 14(1): 307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0816-y] [PMID: 26249666]
[18]
Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Arivoli S, Tennyson S, Benelli G. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell (Zingiberaceae) essential oil: An eco-friendly tool against malaria, dengue, and lymphatic filariasis mosquito vectors? Parasitol Res 2016; 115(5): 1807-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-4920-x] [PMID: 26792432]
[19]
Nathan SS, Kalaivani K, Murugan K. Effects of neem limonoids on the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Trop 2005; 96(1): 47-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.07.002] [PMID: 16112073]
[20]
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 2005; 434(7030): 214-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03342] [PMID: 15759000]
[21]
Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Koekemoer LL, Dossou-Yovo J, Coetzee M. Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of pyrethroid insecticide resistance in the malaria vector species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1999; 15(4): 565-8.
[PMID: 10612620]
[22]
Lengeler C, Smith TA, Armstrong Schellenberg J. Focus on the effect of bednets on malaria morbidity and mortality. Parasitol Today 1997; 13(3): 123-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4758(97)84870-3] [PMID: 15275117]
[23]
Beier JC, Killeen GF, Githure JI. Short report: Entomologic inoculation rates and Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61(1): 109-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.109] [PMID: 10432066]
[24]
Casimiro S, Coleman M, Mohloai P, Hemingway J, Sharp B. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mozambique. J Med Entomol 2006; 43(2): 267-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/43.2.267] [PMID: 16619610]
[25]
World Health Organization. World Malaria Report. 2012. Available From: www.who.int/ malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2012/en/
[26]
Pichersky E, Gershenzon J. The formation and function of plant volatiles: Perfumes for pollinator attraction and defense. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2002; 5(3): 237-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5266(02)00251-0] [PMID: 11960742]
[27]
Harrewijn P, Minks AK, Mollema C. Evolution of plant volatile production in insect-plant relationships. Chemoecology 1994; 5-6(2): 55-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259434]
[28]
Moore SJ, Lenglet A, Hill N. Plant-based insect repellents.Insect Repellents. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge 2006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420006650.ch14]
[29]
Ntonifor NN, Ngufor CA, Kimbi HK, Oben BO. Traditional use of indigenous mosquito-repellents to protect humans against mosquitoes and other insect bites in a rural community of Cameroon. East Afr Med J 2006; 83(10): 553-8.
[PMID: 17310681]
[30]
Casas A, Valiente-Banuet A, Viveros JL, et al. Plant resources of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley, Mexico. Econ Bot 2001; 55(1): 129-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02864551]
[31]
Curtis CF. Appropriate technology in vector control. Boca Raton: CRC Press 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351069823]
[32]
Belayneh A, Bussa NF. Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat human ailments in the prehistoric place of Harla and Dengego valleys, eastern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2014; 10(1): 18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-18] [PMID: 24499509]
[33]
Belayneh A, Asfaw Z, Demissew S, Bussa NF. Medicinal plants potential and use by pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Erer Valley of Babile Wereda, Eastern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2012; 8(1): 42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-8-42] [PMID: 23082858]
[34]
Kenea O, Tekie H. Ethnobotanical survey of plants traditionally used for malaria prevention and treatment in selected resettlement and indigenous villages in Sasiga District, Western Ethiopia. J Biol Agric Healthc 2015; 5(11)
[35]
Meragiaw M, Asfaw Z. Review of antimalarial, pesticidal and repellent plants in the Ethiopian traditional herbal medicine. Research & Reviews. Journal of Herbal Science 2014; 3(3): 21-45.
[36]
Karunamoorthi K, Hailu T. Insect repellent plants traditional usage practices in the Ethiopian malaria epidemic-prone setting: An ethnobotanical survey. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2014; 10(1): 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-22] [PMID: 24521138]
[37]
Berhan A, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E. Ethnobotany of plants used as insecticides, repellents and antimalarial agents in Jabitehnan district, West Gojjam. Sinet Ethiop J Sci 2006; 29(1): 87-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v29i1.18263]
[38]
Gall A, Shenkute Z. Ethiopian traditional medications and their interactions with conventional drugs. 2009. Available From: https://ethnomed.org/resource/ethiopian-traditional-and-herbal-medications-and-their-interactions-with-conventional-drugs/#
[39]
Bekele D, Asfaw Z, Petros B, Tekie H. Ethnobotanical study of plants used for protection against insect bite and for the treatment of livestock health problems in rural areas of Akaki District, Eastern Shewa, Ethiopia. Topclass J Herbal Med 2012; 1(2): 12-24.
[40]
Kidane D, Tomass Z, Dejene T. Community knowledge of traditional mosquito repellent plants in Kolla Temben District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Sci Res Essays 2013; 8(24): 1139-44.
[41]
Karunamoorthi K, Ilango K, Endale A. Ethnobotanical survey of knowledge and usage custom of traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants among the Ethiopian Oromo ethnic group. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 125(2): 224-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.07.008] [PMID: 19607902]
[42]
Meragiaw M. Wild useful plants with emphasis on traditional use of medicinal and edible plants by the people of Aba’ala, North-eastern Ethiopia. J Med Plant Herb Ther Res 2016; 4(1): 1-6.
[43]
Debella A, Taye A, Abebe D, Mudi K, Melaku D, Taye G. Screening of some Ethiopian medicinal plants for mosquito larvicidal effects and phytochemical constituents. Pharmacol Online 2007; 3: 231-43.
[44]
Weissenberg M, Levy A, Svoboda JA, Ishaaya I. The effect of some Solanum steroidal alkaloids and glycoalkaloids on larvae of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Phytochemistry 1998; 47(2): 203-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00565-7] [PMID: 9431673]
[45]
Büyükgüzel E, Büyükgüzel K, Snela M, et al. Effect of boric acid on antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and ultrastructure of midgut and fat body of Galleria mellonella. Cell Biol Toxicol 2013; 29(2): 117-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10565-013-9240-7] [PMID: 23475114]
[46]
Büyükgüzel E, Büyükgüzel K, Erdem M, et al. THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY α‐SOLANINE ON THE WAXMOTH Galleria mellonella L. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2013; 83(1): 15-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.21089] [PMID: 23494897]
[47]
Friedman M. Tomato glycoalkaloids: Role in the plant and in the diet. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50(21): 5751-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf020560c] [PMID: 12358437]
[48]
Nenaah GE. Toxic and antifeedant activities of potato glycoalkaloids against Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). J Stored Prod Res 2011; 47(3): 185-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2010.11.003]
[49]
Sanchez Chopa C, Benzi V, Alzogaray R, Ferrero AA. Repellent activity of hexanic and ethanolic extracts from fruits of Solanum eleagnifolium (Solanaceae) against Blattella germanica (Insecta, Dictyoptera, Blattellidae) adults. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plantas Med Aromat 2009; 8(3): 172-5.
[50]
Dinesh D, Kumari S, Kumar V, Das P. The potentiality of botanicals and their products as an alternative to chemical insecticides to sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae): A review. J Vector Borne Dis 2014; 51(1): 1-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-9062.130139] [PMID: 24717195]
[51]
Boulogne I, Petit P, Ozier-Lafontaine H, Desfontaines L, Loranger-Merciris G. Insecticidal and antifungal chemicals produced by plants: A review. Environ Chem Lett 2012; 10(4): 325-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-012-0359-1]
[52]
Jerzykiewicz J. [Alkaloids of Solanaceae (nightshade plants)]. Postepy Biochem 2007; 53(3): 280-6.
[PMID: 18399356]
[53]
Hassine TB, Mansour AB, Hammami S. Case report of fatal poisoning by Nicotina tabacum in Cattle in Tunisia. Rev Med Vet (Toulouse) 2013; 164: 141-4.
[54]
Indhumathi T, Mohandass S, Shibi A. Acute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of Solanum incanum L. fruit. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2014; 7: 98-100.
[55]
Diaz G. Toxicosis by plant alkaloids in humans and animals in Colombia. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7(12): 5408-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7124892] [PMID: 26690479]
[56]
Lachman J, Hamouz K, Orsák M, Pivec V. Potato glycoalkaloids and their significance in plant protection and human nutrition-review. Rostlinna Vyroba 2001; 47(4): 181-91.
[57]
Berthold-Pluta A, Stasiak-Różańska L, Pluta A, Garbowska M. Antibacterial activities of plant-derived compounds and essential oils against Cronobacter strains. Eur Food Res Technol 2019; 245(5): 1137-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-018-3218-x]
[58]
Osman Mohamed Ali E, Shakil NA, Rana VS, et al. Antifungal activity of nano emulsions of neem and citronella oils against phytopathogenic fungi, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii. Ind Crops Prod 2017; 108: 379-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.06.061]
[59]
Ruiz-Navajas Y, Viuda-Martos M, Sendra E, Perez-Alvarez JA, Fernández-López J. In vitro antibacterial and antioxidant properties of chitosan edible films incorporated with Thymus moroderi or Thymus piperella essential oils. Food Control 2013; 30(2): 386-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.07.052]
[60]
Wang C, Wang L, Li C, Hu C, Zhao S. Anti-proliferation activities of three bioactive components purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography in essential oil from ginger. Eur Food Res Technol 2020; 246(4): 795-805.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03446-7]
[61]
Kindl M, Bucar F, Jelić D, Brajša K, Blažeković B, Vladimir-Knežević S. Comparative study of polyphenolic composition and anti-inflammatory activity of Thymus species. Eur Food Res Technol 2019; 245(9): 1951-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-019-03297-x]
[62]
Miyakado M, Nakayama I, Yoshioka H. Insecticidal joint action of pipercide and co-occurring compounds isolated from Piper nigrum L. Agric Biol Chem 1980; 44(7): 1701-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1980.10864200]
[63]
Scott IM, Puniani E, Durst T, et al. Insecticidal activity of Piper tuberculatum Jacq. extracts: Synergistic interaction of piperamides. Agric For Entomol 2002; 4(2): 137-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00137.x]
[64]
Feng R, Isman MB. Selection for resistance to azadirachtin in the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae. Experientia 1995; 51(8): 831-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01922438]
[65]
Belzile AS, Majerus SL, Podeszfinski C, Guillet G, Durst T, Arnason JT. Dillapiol derivatives as synergists: Structure–activity relationship analysis. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2000; 66(1): 33-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.1999.2453]
[66]
Usha Rani P, Jyothsna Y. Biochemical and enzymatic changes in rice plants as a mechanism of defense. Acta Physiol Plant 2010; 32(4): 695-701.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-009-0449-2]
[67]
Sambangi P, Rani PU. Physiological effects of resveratrol and coumaric acid on two major groundnut pests and their egg parasitoidbehavior. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2016; 91(4): 230-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.21320] [PMID: 26890503]
[68]
Sambangi P, Usha Rani P. Induction of phenolic acids and metals in Arachis hypogaea L. plants due to feeding of three lepidopteran pests. Arthropod-Plant Interact 2013; 7(5): 517-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-013-9263-2]
[69]
Dixon RA, Paiva NL. Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell 1995; 7(7): 1085-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3870059] [PMID: 12242399]
[70]
Beran F, Köllner TG, Gershenzon J, Tholl D. Chemical convergence between plants and insects: Biosynthetic origins and functions of common secondary metabolites. New Phytol 2019; 223(1): 52-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15718] [PMID: 30707438]
[71]
Cheong SPS, Huang J, Bendena WG, Tobe SS, Hui JHL. Evolution of ecdysis and metamorphosis in arthropods: The rise of regulation of juvenile hormone. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55(5): 878-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icv066] [PMID: 26105594]
[72]
Qu Z, Bendena WG, Tobe SS, Hui JHL. Juvenile hormone and sesquiterpenoids in arthropods: Biosynthesis, signaling, and role of MicroRNA. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 184: 69-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.01.013] [PMID: 29355708]
[73]
Yu F, Utsumi R. Diversity, regulation, and genetic manipulation of plant mono- and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66(18): 3043-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0066-7] [PMID: 19547916]
[74]
Degenhardt J, Köllner TG, Gershenzon J. Monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases and the origin of terpene skeletal diversity in plants. Phytochemistry 2009; 70(15-16): 1621-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.030] [PMID: 19793600]
[75]
Tsang SSK, Law STS, Li C, et al. Diversity of insect sesquiterpenoid regulation. Front Genet 2020; 11: 1027.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.01027] [PMID: 33133135]
[76]
Abbott WS. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol 1925; 18(2): 265-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/18.2.265a]
[77]
Broza M. Seasonal changes in population of Heliothis armigera (Hb.) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) in cotton fields in Israel and its control with a Bacillus thuringiensis preparation. J Appl Entomol 1986; 102(1-5): 363-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1986.tb00934.x]
[78]
Ibrahim MA, Kainulainen P, Aflatuni A, Tiilikkala K, Holopainen JK. Insecticidal, repellent, antimicrobial activity and phytotoxicity of essential oils: With special reference to limonene and its suitability for control of insect pests. Agr Food Sci Finland 2008; 10: 243-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5697]
[79]
Sara SB, Folorunso OA. Potentials of utilizing neem tree for desertification control in Nigeria. Sustain Indus Utiliz Neem Tree 2002; 2002: 45-51.
[80]
Debjit B, Jitender Y, Tripathi KK, Kumar KS. Herbal remedies of Azadirachta indica and its medicinal application. J Chem Pharm Res 2010; 2(1): 62-72.
[81]
Ansari MA, Razdan RK. Operational feasibility of malaria control by burning neem oil in kerosene lamp in Beel Akbarpur village, District Ghaziabad, India. Indian J Malariol 1996; 33(2): 81-7.
[PMID: 8952172]
[82]
Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK, Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Curr Sci 2002; 2002: 1336-45.
[83]
Nicoletti M, Murugan K, Canale A, Benelli G. Neem-borne molecules as eco-friendly control tools against mosquito vectors of economic importance. Curr Org Chem 2016; 20(25): 2681-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272820666160218233923]
[84]
Dua VK, Pandey AC, Raghavendra K, Gupta A, Sharma T, Dash AP. Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) formulation against mosquitoes. Malar J 2009; 8(1): 124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-124] [PMID: 19500429]
[85]
Anjali CH, Sharma Y, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Neem oil ( Azadirachta indica ) nanoemulsion—a potent larvicidal agent against Culex quinquefasciatus. Pest Manag Sci 2012; 68(2): 158-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2233] [PMID: 21726037]
[86]
Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Komalamisra N, Apiwathnasorn C. Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. Phytother Res 2005; 19(4): 303-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1637] [PMID: 16041723]
[87]
Koul O. Effect of neem extracts and azadirachtin on fertility and fecundity of cabbage aphid, Brevicorynebrassicae (L.). Pestic Res J 1998; 10(2): 258-61.
[88]
Macchioni F, Sfingi M, Chiavacci D, Cecchi F. Larvicidal and pupicidal activity of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) formulation against mosquitoes Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894)(Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Zool Bulg 2020; 72(3): 479-85.
[89]
Lis-Balchin M, Ed. Lavender: The genus Lavandula. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC press 2002.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203216521]
[90]
Cosimi S, Rossi E, Cioni PL, Canale A. Bioactivity and qualitative analysis of some essential oils from Mediterranean plants against stored-product pests: Evaluation of repellency against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and Tenebrio molitor (L.). J Stored Prod Res 2009; 45(2): 125-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2008.10.002]
[91]
Papachristos DP, Karamanoli KI, Stamopoulos DC, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U. The relationship between the chemical composition of three essential oils and their insecticidal activity against Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). Pest Manag Sci 2004; 60(5): 514-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.798] [PMID: 15154521]
[92]
van Tol RW, Swarts HJ, van der Linden A, Visser JH. Repellence of the red bud borer Resseliellaoculiperda from grafted apple trees by impregnation of rubber budding strips with essential oils. Pest Management Science: Formerly. Pestic Sci 2007; 63(5): 483-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.1374] [PMID: 17421054]
[93]
Rozman V, Kalinovic I, Korunic Z. Toxicity of naturally occurring compounds of Lamiaceae and Lauraceae to three stored-product insects. J Stored Prod Res 2007; 43(4): 349-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2006.09.001]
[94]
Cappello G, Spezzaferro M, Grossi L, Manzoli L, Marzio L. Peppermint oil (Mintoil®) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A prospective double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39(6): 530-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2007.02.006] [PMID: 17420159]
[95]
Robert IK. Handbook of pesticide toxicology. New York: Academic Press 2001; p. 823.
[96]
Ansari MA, Vasudevan P, Tandon M, Razdan RK. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. Bioresour Technol 2000; 71(3): 267-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00079-6]
[97]
Lee SE, Lee BH, Choi WS, Park BS, Kim JG, Campbell BC. Fumigant toxicity of volatile natural products from Korean spices and medicinal plants towards the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L). Pest Manag Sci 2001; 57(6): 548-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.322] [PMID: 11407032]
[98]
Kumar A, Dutta GP. Indigenous plant oils as larvicidal agent against Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Curr Sci 1987; 56(18): 959-60.
[99]
Cortés-Rojas DF, de Souza CRF, Oliveira WP. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): A precious spice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4(2): 90-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60215-X] [PMID: 25182278]
[100]
Batiha GES, Beshbishy AM, Tayebwa DS, Shaheen HM, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Inhibitory effects of Syzygium aromaticum and Camellia sinensis methanolic extracts on the growth of Babesia and Theileria parasites. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10(5): 949-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.04.016] [PMID: 31101552]
[101]
Chomchalow N. Spice production in Asia—An overview. Proceedings of the Conference IBC’s Asia Spice Markets 96 Conference. 27-28 May 1996; Singapore. 1996.
[102]
Silva J, Abebe W, Sousa SM, Duarte VG, Machado MIL, Matos FJA. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 89(2-3): 277-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.007] [PMID: 14611892]
[103]
Cai L, Wu CD. Compounds from Syzygium aromaticum possessing growth inhibitory activity against oral pathogens. J Nat Prod 1996; 59(10): 987-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np960451q] [PMID: 8904847]
[104]
El Hag EA, El Nadi AH, Zaitoon AA. Toxic and growth retarding effects of three plant extracts on Culex pipiens larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Phytother Res 1999; 13(5): 388-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199908/09)13:5<388::AID-PTR455>3.0.CO;2-U] [PMID: 10441777]
[105]
Yang YC, Lee SH, Lee WJ, Choi DH, Ahn YJ. Ovicidal and adulticidal effects of Eugenia caryophyllata bud and leaf oil compounds on Pediculus capitis. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51(17): 4884-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf034225f] [PMID: 12903940]
[106]
Ho SH, Cheng LPL, Sim KY, Tan HTW. Potential of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and Perry as a grain protectant against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Postharvest Biol Technol 1994; 4(1-2): 179-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-5214(94)90019-1]
[107]
Maia MF, Moore SJ. Plant-based insect repellents: A review of their efficacy, development and testing. Malar J 2011; 10(S1) (Suppl. 1): S11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-S1-S11] [PMID: 21411012]
[108]
Lankage J. Cinnamon, tree that gave the name to the country and changed the course of history. J Organ Prof Assoc Sri Lanka 2013; 28: 40-8.
[109]
Shu Z, Xiwen L, Jie L, Van der Werff H. CINNAMOMUM Schaeffer, Bot. Exped. 74. 1760, nom. cons. Flora. China 2008; 7: 166-87.
[110]
Singh G, Maurya S, deLampasona MP, Catalan CAN. A comparison of chemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of cinnamon leaf and bark volatile oils, oleoresins and their constituents. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45(9): 1650-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.031] [PMID: 17408833]
[111]
Dai DN, Chung NT, Huong LT, et al. Chemical compositions, mosquito larvicidal and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from five species of Cinnamomum growing wild in north central Vietnam. Molecules 2020; 25(6): 1303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061303] [PMID: 32178471]
[112]
Hariri M, Ghiasvand R. Cinnamon and chronic diseases.Drug Discovery from Mother Nature 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_1]
[113]
Nollet LM, Rathore HS, Eds. Green pesticides handbook: Essential oils for pest control. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315153131]
[114]
Schultz G, Simbro E, Belden J, Zhu J, Coats J. Catnip, Nepeta cataria (Lamiales: Lamiaceae)—A closer look: Seasonal occurrence of nepetalactone isomers and comparative repellency of three terpenoids to insects. Environ Entomol 2004; 33(6): 1562-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-33.6.1562]
[115]
Bernier UR, Furman KD, Kline DL, Allan SA, Barnard DR. Comparison of contact and spatial repellency of catnip oil and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) against mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 2005; 42(3): 306-11.
[PMID: 15962779]
[116]
Peterson CJ, Coats JR. Catnip essential oil and its nepetalactone isomers as repellents for mosquitoes InRecent developments in invertebrate repellents. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society 2011; pp. 59-65.
[117]
Waller GR, Price GH, Mitchell ED. Feline attractant, cis,trans-nepetalactone: Metabolism in the domestic cat. Science 1969; 164(3885): 1281-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3885.1281] [PMID: 5770619]
[118]
Klun JA, Schmidt WF, Debboun M. Stereochemical effects in an insect repellent. J Med Entomol 2001; 38(6): 809-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-38.6.809] [PMID: 11761378]
[119]
Laska M, Galizia CG. Enantioselectivity of odor perception in honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica). Behav Neurosci 2001; 115(3): 632-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.115.3.632] [PMID: 11439452]
[120]
Birkett MA, Hassanali A, Hoglund S, Pettersson J, Pickett JA. Repellent activity of catmint, Nepeta cataria, and iridoid nepetalactone isomers against Afro-tropical mosquitoes, ixodid ticks and red poultry mites. Phytochemistry 2011; 72(1): 109-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.09.016] [PMID: 21056438]
[121]
World Health Organization. Evaluation and testing of insecticides. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation, 7−11 October 1996, WHO/HQ, Geneva. 1996. Available From: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/ctd-whopes-ic-96.1
[122]
Zhu JJ, Zeng XP, Berkebile D, Du HJ, Tong Y, Qian K. Efficacy and safety of catnip ( Nepeta cataria ) as a novel filth fly repellent *. Med Vet Entomol 2009; 23(3): 209-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00809.x] [PMID: 19712151]
[123]
Shabnum S, Wagay MG. Essential oil composition of Thymus vulgaris L. and their uses. J Res Dev (Srinagar) 2011; 11: 83-94.
[124]
Sakkas H, Papadopoulou C. Antimicrobial activity of basil, oregano, and thyme essential oils. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27(3): 429-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1608.08024]
[125]
Borugă O, Jianu C, Mişcă C, Goleţ I, Gruia AT, Horhat FG. Thymus vulgaris essential oil: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. JJ Med Life 2014; 7(Spec Iss 3): 56-60.
[126]
Wu L, Huo X, Zhou X, et al. Acaricidal activity and synergistic effect of thyme oil constituents against carmine spider mite (TetranychusCinnabarinus (Boisduval)). Molecules 2017; 22(11): 1873.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22111873] [PMID: 29104267]
[127]
Martins IM, Rodrigues SN, Barreiro F, Rodrigues AE. Microencapsulation of thyme oil by coacervation. J Microencapsul 2009; 26(8): 667-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02652040802646599] [PMID: 19888875]
[128]
Simonazzi A, Cid AG, Villegas M, Romero AI, Palma SD, Bermúdez JM. Nanotechnology applications in drug controlled release.Drug targeting and stimuli sensitive drug delivery systems. New York, United States: William Andrew Publishing 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813689-8.00003-3]
[129]
Parisi OI, Puoci F, Restuccia D, Farina G, Iemma F, Picci N. Polyphenols and their formulations: Different strategies to overcome the drawbacks associated with their poor stability and bioavailability.Polyphenols in human health and disease. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press 2014; p. 29.
[130]
Kala S, Sogan N, Naik SN, Agarwal A, Kumar J. Impregnation of pectin-cedarwood essential oil nanocapsules onto mini cotton bag improves larvicidal performances. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1): 14107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70889-z] [PMID: 32839484]
[131]
Makri O, Kintzios S. Ocimum sp.(basil): Botany, cultivation, pharmaceutical properties, and biotechnology. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 2008; 13(3): 123-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J044v13n03_10]
[132]
Avetisyan A, Markosian A, Petrosyan M, et al. Chemical composition and some biological activities of the essential oils from basil Ocimum different cultivars. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017; 17(1): 60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1587-5] [PMID: 28103929]
[133]
Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Shafi MP, Kaniampady MM. Chemotaxonomical analysis of the essential oil aroma compounds of four different Ocimum species from southern India. Eur Food Res Technol 2003; 217(2): 120-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-003-0708-1]
[134]
Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Cheng Q. Chemical components and pharmacological benefits of Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ): A review. Int J Food Prop 2020; 23(1): 1961-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2020.1828456]
[135]
Bączek K, Kosakowska O, Gniewosz M, Gientka I, Węglarz Z. Sweet basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.) productivity and raw material quality from organic cultivation. Agronomy (Basel) 2019; 9(6): 279.
[136]
Abo-El Seoud MA, Sarhan MM, Omar AE, Helal MM. Biocides formulation of essential oils having antimicrobial activity. Arch Phytopathol Pflanzenschutz 2005; 38(3): 175-84.
[137]
de la Parte EM, Pérez-Vicente L, Bernal B, Garcia D. First report of Peronospora sp. on sweet basil (Ocimumbasilicum) in Cuba. Plant Pathol 2010; 59: 800.
[138]
Stephens C, Masamu ET, Kiama MG, et al. Knowledge of mosquitos in relation to public and domestic control activities in the cities of Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Bull World Health Organ 1995; 73(1): 97-104.
[PMID: 7704932]
[139]
White GB. The insect-repellant value of Ocimum SPP. (Labiatae): Traditional anti-mosquito plants. East Afr Med J 1973; 50(5): 248-52.
[PMID: 4147815]
[140]
Elgayyar M, Draughon FA, Golden DA, Mount JR. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms. J Food Prot 2001; 64(7): 1019-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-64.7.1019] [PMID: 11456186]
[141]
Suppakul P, Miltz J, Sonneveld K, Bigger SW. Antimicrobial properties of basil and its possible application in food packaging. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51(11): 3197-207.
[PMID: 12744643]
[142]
Coker HA, Chukwuani CM, Ifudu ND, Aina BA. The malaria scourge. Concepts in disease management. Nigerian. J Pharm (Cairo) 2001; 32: 19-47.
[143]
Golob P, Nishimura H, Satoh A. Eucalyptus in insect and plant pest control.Eucalyptus. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press 2002.
[144]
Curtis CF. Control of disease vectors in the community. Prescott, Arizona: Wolfe Publishing Ltd. 1991.
[145]
Li Z, Yang J, Zhuang X, Zhang Z. Studies on the repellent quwenling. Malaria Res 1974; 1974: 6.
[146]
Katz TM, Miller JH, Hebert AA. Insect repellents: Historical perspectives and new developments. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58(5): 865-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.10.005] [PMID: 18272250]
[147]
Dorman HJD, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 88(2): 308-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x] [PMID: 10736000]
[148]
Isman MB, Machial CM. Pesticides based on plant essential oils: From traditional practice to commercialization.Naturally Occurring Bioactive Compounds Advances in Phytomedicine. New York, USA: Elsevier 2006; pp. 29-44.
[149]
Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils – A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46(2): 446-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106] [PMID: 17996351]
[150]
Nerio LS, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko E. Repellent activity of essential oils: A review. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101(1): 372-8.
[PMID: 19729299]
[151]
Isman MB. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop protection. 2000 Sep 12;19(8-10):603-8. Kordali S, Aslan I, Çalmaşur O, Cakir A. Toxicity of essential oils isolated from three Artemisia species and some of their major components to granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Ind Crops Prod 2006; 23(2): 162-70.
[152]
Kordali S, Aslan I, Çalmaşur O, Cakir A. Toxicity of essential oils isolated from three Artemisia species and some of their major components to granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Ind Crops Prod 2006; 23(2): 162-70.
[153]
Brooker MIH, Kleinig DA. Field Guide to Eucalyptus South-eastern, Australia. (3rd ed.), Melbourne: Bloomings 2006.
[154]
Zobel B. Eucalyptus in the forest industry. Tappi J (USA) 1988.
[155]
Batish DR, Singh HP, Kohli RK, Kaur S. Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide. For Ecol Manage 2008; 256(12): 2166-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.08.008]
[156]
Duke JA. USDA-ARS Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). 2004. Available From: http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/
[157]
Moore SJ, Debboun M. History of insect repellents.Insect repellents: Principles, methods and uses 2007.
[158]
Islam J, Zaman K, Duarah S, Raju PS, Chattopadhyay P. Mosquito repellents: An insight into the chronological perspectives and novel discoveries. Acta Trop 2017; 167: 216-30.
[PMID: 28040483]
[159]
Norris EJ, Coats JR. Current and future repellent technologies: The potential of spatial repellents and their place in mosquito-borne disease control. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14(2): 124.
[PMID: 28146066]
[160]
Lupi E, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp. - a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013; 11(6): 374-411.
[PMID: 24201040]
[161]
Leal WS. The enigmatic reception of DEET - the gold standard of insect repellents. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2014; 6: 93-8.
[PMID: 25530943]
[162]
Deletre E, Schatz B, Bourguet D, et al. Prospects for repellent in pest control: Current developments and future challenges. Chemoecology 2016; 26: 127-42.
[163]
Khater HF. Bioactivity of essential oils as green biopesticides: Recent global scenario.Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. Studium Press: LLC, USA 2013.
[164]
Khater HF. Prospects of botanical biopesticides in insect pest management. Pharmacologia 2012; 3(12): 641-56.
[165]
Khater HF. Ecosmart biorational insecticides: Alternative insect control strategies.Insecticides - Advances in Integrated Pest Management. London: InTechOpen 2012.
[166]
Boeckh J, Breer H, Geier M, et al. Acylated 1, 3‐aminopropanols as repellents against bloodsucking arthropods. Pestic Sci 1996; 48(4): 359-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199612)48:4<359::AID-PS490>3.0.CO;2-Z]
[167]
Pages F, Dautel H, Duvallet G, Kahl O, de Gentile L, Boulanger N. Tick repellents for human use: Prevention of tick bites and tick-borne diseases. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014; 14(2): 85-93.
[PMID: 24410143]
[168]
Frances SP, Waterson DG, Beebe NW, Cooper RD. Field evaluation of repellent formulations containing deet and picaridin against mosquitoes in Northern Territory, Australia. J Med Entomol 2004; 41(3): 414-7.
[PMID: 15185943]
[169]
Costantini C, Badolo A, Ilboudo-Sanogo E. Field evaluation of the efficacy and persistence of insect repellents DEET, IR3535, and KBR 3023 against Anopheles gambiae complex and other Afrotropical vector mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 98(11): 644-52.
[PMID: 15363644]
[170]
Frances SP, Waterson DG, Beebe NW, Cooper RD. Field evaluation of commercial repellent formulations against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Territory, Australia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2005; 21(4): 480-2.
[PMID: 16506580]
[171]
Goodyer L, Schofield S. Mosquito repellents for the traveller: Does picaridin provide longer protection than DEET? J Travel Med 2018; 25 (Suppl. 1): S10-5.
[PMID: 29718433]
[172]
Bissinger BW, Roe RM. Tick repellents: Past, present, and future. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2010; 96(2): 63-79.
[173]
Nasci RS, Wirtz RA, Brogdon WG. Protection against mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods. CDC Health Inform Int Travel 2016; 2016: 94.
[174]
Carroll SP. Prolonged efficacy of IR3535 repellents against mosquitoes and blacklegged ticks in North America. J Med Entomol 2008; 45(4): 706-14.
[PMID: 18714871]
[175]
Stanczyk NM, Brookfield JF, Ignell R, Logan JG, Field LM. Behavioral insensitivity to DEET in Aedes aegypti is a genetically determined trait residing in changes in sensillum function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107(19): 8575-80.
[PMID: 20439757]
[176]
Klun JA, Strickman D, Rowton E, et al. Comparative resistance of Anopheles albimanus and Aedes aegypti to N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (Deet) and 2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide (AI3-37220) in laboratory human-volunteer repellent assays. J Med Entomol 2004; 41(3): 418-22.
[PMID: 15185944]
[177]
Khater HF. Introductory chapter: Back to the future-solutions for parasitic problems as old as the pyramids.Natural remedies in the fight against parasites. London: InTechOpen 2017.
[178]
Pavela R, Benelli G. Ethnobotanical knowledge on botanical repellents employed in the African region against mosquito vectors - A review. Exp Parasitol 2016; 167: 103-8.
[PMID: 27260568]
[179]
Barradas TN, Senna JP, Ricci E Junior, Mansur CR. Polymer-based drug delivery systems applied to insects repellents devices: A review. Curr Drug Deliv 2016; 13(2): 221-35.
[PMID: 26674198]
[180]
Misni N, Nor ZM, Ahmad R. Repellent effect of microencapsulated essential oil in lotion formulation against mosquito bites. J Vector Borne Dis 2017; 54(1): 44-53.
[PMID: 28352045]
[181]
Ribeiro AD, Marques J, Forte M, et al. Microencapsulation of citronella oil for solar-activated controlled release as an insect repellent. Appl Mater Today 2016; 5: 90-7.
[182]
Krajick K. Medical entomology. Keeping the bugs at bay. Science 2006; 313(5783): 36-8.
[PMID: 16825548]
[183]
Moore SJ, Mordue Luntz AJ, Logan JG. Insect bite prevention. Infect DisClin 2012; 26(3): 655-73.
[PMID: 22963776]
[184]
Yadav NP, Rai VK, Mishra N, et al. A novel approach for development and characterization of effective mosquito repellent cream formulation containing citronella oil. BioMed Res Int 2014; 2014: 786084.
[PMID: 25379509]
[185]
Vesin A, Glorennec P, Le Bot B, Wortham H, Bonvallot N, Quivet E. Transfluthrin indoor air concentration and inhalation exposure during application of electric vaporizers. Environ Int 2013; 60: 1-6.
[PMID: 23973617]
[186]
Khater HF, Selim AM, Abouelella GA, et al. Commercial mosquito repellents and their safety concerns. Malaria 2019; 1: 1-27.
[187]
Meshram GP, Rao KMN. N,N-diethylphenylacetamide, an insect repellent: Absence of mutagenic response in the in vitro Ames test and in vivo mouse micronucleus test. Food Chem Toxicol 1988; 26(9): 791-6.
[PMID: 3209142]
[188]
Alpern JD, Dunlop SJ, Dolan BJ, Stauffer WM, Boulware DR. Personal protection measures against mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods. Med Clin North Am 2016; 100(2): 303-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2015.08.019] [PMID: 26900115]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
Pdf icon 120
Html icon 5
Find your institution