Title:Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Fatigue and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Long COVID and its Correlation with Symptom Severity
Volume: 21
Issue: 4
Author(s): Veevarin Charoenporn and Thammanard Charernboon*
Affiliation:
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Center of Excellence
in Applied Epidemiology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
Keywords:
Depression, fatigue, long COVID, Post-COVID-19, vitamin D, cognitive impairment.
Abstract:
Background: Despite the potential role of vitamin D in the acute phase of COVID-19,
studies on its prevalence and association with long COVID severity are limited, leaving the relationship
between vitamin D levels and long COVID symptoms unclear.
Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients
with fatigue or neuropsychiatric symptoms of long COVID and its correlation with the severity
of symptoms.
Methods: A cross-sectional, single-center study was conducted at Thammasat University Hospital,
Thailand. The study recruited participants between the ages of 18 and 60 years who had received
a diagnosis of COVID-19 and had at least one long COVID symptom, including fatigue or
neuropsychiatric symptoms. Vitamin D level was collected, and clinical severity was assessed using
the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFQ-11), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items
(DASS-21), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III
(ACE), and Trail Making Test A & B (TMT-A and TMT-B).
Results: A total of 82 patients were recruited; most were female (78%), with a mean age of 34.2
years. Most participants had a vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL, 73.2%), accounting for 23.2% vitamin
D insufficiency (20-30 ng/mL), and 3.6% had an adequate vitamin D level. Only gender
was associated with vitamin D levels. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the vitamin D level
was not correlated with all clinical outcomes, including total CFQ, total DASS, DASS depression,
DASS anxiety, total PSQI, total ACE score, and total TMT scores.
Conclusion: The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was high in patients with
long COVID, with female gender serving as predictors of lower vitamin D levels. However, no associations
were found between vitamin D level and fatigue syndrome, depression, anxiety, sleep
problems, or cognitive function.
