Login Register Cart 0
Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery

Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2772-2708
ISSN (Online): 2772-2716

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Efficacy of Eugenol Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Sepsis Induced Liver Injury in Rats

Author(s): Sarah Ali Qutb, Amel Mahmoud Soliman, Sohair Ramadan Fahmy and Ayman Saber Mohamed*

Volume 19, Issue 3, 2025

Published on: 11 October, 2024

Page: [380 - 395] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/0127722708334976241004041438

Price: $65

Become a Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer
Become a Editor
Become a Section Editor

Abstract

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates around the world and is characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection, resulting in multiple organ dysfunctions. Eugenol is a phenolic aromatic compound derived from clove oil. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer characteristics, which have led to its extensive use in diverse fields, including cosmetology, medicine, and pharmacology. The ongoing study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (EC-NPs) on sepsis-induced liver damage using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model.

Methods: Thirty male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups: Sham, sepsis, and septic rats treated with chitosan, eugenol, or EC-NPs.

Results: EC-NPs showed excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. EC-NPs administration significantly improved liver function, as indicated by the decreased liver enzyme activities and C-reactive protein (CRP) level, as well as the increase of albumin content. Moreover, EC-NPs caused an increase in glutathione-reduced and antioxidant enzymes activities, as well as a reduction of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide formation. In addition, the EC-NPs treatment reduced the DNA damage in septic rats; also, the EC-NPs treatment repaired, to some extent, the abnormal architecture of the hepatic tissues of septic rats. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical examination showed a marked decrease in inflammation through the reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β expression.

Conclusion: In conclusion, EC-NPs attenuated liver injury in sepsis through their antiinflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant activities and protection of DNA.

Keywords: Eugenol, cecal ligation and puncture, sepsis, hepatic injury, oxidative stress, chitosan nanoparticles.

« Previous Next »

Graphical Abstract

Graphical abstract illustrating key findings of the study

[1]
Xie Z, Shao B, Hoover C, et al. Monocyte upregulation of podoplanin during early sepsis induces complement inhibitor release to protect liver function. JCI Insight 2020; 5(13): e134749.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.134749] [PMID: 32641582]
[2]
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA -. JAMA 2016; 315(8): 801-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.0287] [PMID: 26903338]
[3]
Niederman MS, Baron RM, Bouadma L, et al. Initial antimicrobial management of sepsis. Crit Care 2021; 25(1): 307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03736-w] [PMID: 34446092]
[4]
De Backer D, Deutschman CS, Hellman J, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign research priorities 2023. Crit Care Med 2024; 52(2): 268-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000006135] [PMID: 38240508]
[5]
Kharga K, Kumar L, Patel SKS. Recent advances in monoclonal antibody-based approaches in the management of bacterial sepsis. Biomedicines 2023; 11(3): 765.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030765] [PMID: 36979744]
[6]
Zhang J, Wang X, Peng Y, et al. Combined metabolomic and proteomic analysis of sepsis related acute liver injury and its pathogenesis research. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130: 111666.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111666] [PMID: 38412671]
[7]
Pan B, Yang Y, Jiang Y, et al. Potential roles of HSYA in attenuating sepsis-induced liver injury through multi-omics analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238: 115801.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115801] [PMID: 37924577]
[8]
Abdelnaser M, Alaaeldin R, Attya ME, Fathy M. Hepatoprotective potential of gabapentin in cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis; targeting oxidative stress, apoptosis, and NF-kB/MAPK signaling pathways. Life Sci 2023; 320(January): 121562.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121562] [PMID: 36907325]
[9]
Li Y, Nie Y, Yang X, et al. Integration of Kupffer cells into human iPSC-derived liver organoids for modeling liver dysfunction in sepsis. Cell Rep 2024; 43(3): 113918.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113918] [PMID: 38451817]
[10]
Xu Ruiming, Wang Dawei, Zhengyi Shao XL. Neoastilbin ameliorates sepsis-induced liver and kidney injury by blocking the TLR4/NF-Kb pathway. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39(10): 1329-42.
[11]
Fahmi O. Therapeutic potential of ramipril, losartan, and spironolactone against sepsis-associated liver tissue injury induced by cecal ligation and puncture in rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2024; 28(5): 1821-36.
[12]
Mohamed AS, Sadek SA, Hassanein SS, Soliman AM. Hepatoprotective effect of echinochrome pigment in septic rats. J Surg Res 2019; 234: 317-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2018.10.004] [PMID: 30527491]
[13]
Bertozzi G, Ferrara M, Fazio A, et al. Oxidative stress in sepsis: A focus on cardiac pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25(5): 2912.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052912]
[14]
Hussein AH, Abbood AS, Naser HA, Hassan SM. DMF ameliorate myocardial damage in rat model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by CLP. Azerbaijan Pharmaceutical and Pharmacotherapy J 2022; 22(1): 75-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.61336/appj/22-1-16]
[15]
Brooks HF, Osabutey CK, Moss RF, Andrews PLR, Davies DC. Caecal ligation and puncture in the rat mimics the pathophysiological changes in human sepsis and causes multi-organ dysfunction. Metab Brain Dis 2007; 22(3-4): 353-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-007-9058-1] [PMID: 17828620]
[16]
Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med 2017; 43(3): 304-77.
[17]
Velasque MJSG, Branchini G, Catarina AV, et al. Fish oil - Omega-3 exerts protective effect in oxidative stress and liver dysfunctions resulting from experimental sepsis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13(1): 64-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2022.07.001] [PMID: 36647406]
[18]
Alrahlah A, Al-Odayni AB, Saeed WS, et al. Influence of eugenol and its novel methacrylated derivative on the polymerization degree of resin-based composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15(5): 1124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051124] [PMID: 36904361]
[19]
Devi KP, Nisha SA, Sakthivel R, Pandian SK. Eugenol (an essential oil of clove) acts as an antibacterial agent against Salmonella typhi by disrupting the cellular membrane. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 130(1): 107-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.025] [PMID: 20435121]
[20]
Aranaz I, Mengibar M, Harris R, Panos I, Miralles B, Acosta N, et al. Functional characterization of chitin and chitosan. Curr Chem Biol 2009; 3(2): 203-30.
[21]
Yoon HJ, Moon ME, Park HS, Im SY, Kim YH. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358(3): 954-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.042] [PMID: 17512902]
[22]
Moghaddam FD, Zare EN, Hassanpour M, et al. Chitosan-based nanosystems for cancer diagnosis and therapy: Stimuli-responsive, immune response, and clinical studies. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330(February): 121839.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121839] [PMID: 38368115]
[23]
Malik S, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Nanotechnology: A revolution in modern industry. Molecules 2023; 28(2): 661.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020661] [PMID: 36677717]
[24]
Pant A, Mackraj I, Govender T. Advances in sepsis diagnosis and management: a paradigm shift towards nanotechnology. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28(1): 6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12929-020-00702-6] [PMID: 33413364]
[25]
Kurnia HP, Puruhita DT, Nazhif Haykal M. Eugenol nanoparticle encapsulated chitosan enhances cell cycle arrest in hela human cervical cancer cells. Syst Rev Pharm 2021; 12(1): 692-9.
[26]
Scott AC. Mackie & mccartney practical medical microbiology In: New York: Churchill Livingstone 1996; 14th ed: pp. 161-81. Available from: https://search.worldcat.org/title/mackie-mccartney-practical-medical-microbiology/oclc/438723144?referer=di&ht=edition
[27]
Mohamed MSM, Mostafa HM, Mohamed SH, Abd El-Moez SI, Kamel Z. Combination of silver nanoparticles and vancomycin to overcome antibiotic resistance in planktonic/biofilm cell from clinical and animal source. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26(11): 1410-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2020.0089] [PMID: 32354252]
[28]
Mahdi-Pour B, Jothy SL, Latha LY, Chen Y, Sasidharan S. Antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of different parts of lantana camara. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(12): 960-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60007-6] [PMID: 23593576]
[29]
Anjum NF, Shanmugarajan D, Prashantha Kumar BR, et al. Novel derivatives of eugenol as a new class of pparγ agonists in treating inflammation: Design, synthesis, sar analysis and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Molecules 2023; 28(9): 3899.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093899] [PMID: 37175309]
[30]
Chinedu E, Arome D, Ameh F. A new method for determining acute toxicity in animal models. Toxicol Int 2013; 20(3): 224-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-6580.121674] [PMID: 24403732]
[31]
Meunier CJ, Burton J, Cumps J, Verbeeck RK. Evaluation of the formalin test to assess the analgesic activity of diflunisal in the rat. Eur J Pharm Sci 1998; 6(4): 307-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0928-0987(97)10020-3] [PMID: 9795087]
[32]
Liu MW, Su MX, Zhang W, et al. Effect of Melilotus suaveolens extract on pulmonary microvascular permeability by downregulating vascular endothelial growth factor expression in rats with sepsis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11(5): 3308-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3146] [PMID: 25571852]
[33]
Mohamed AS, Hosney M, Bassiony H, et al. Sodium pentobarbital dosages for exsanguination affect biochemical, molecular and histological measurements in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1): 378.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57252-7] [PMID: 31942001]
[34]
Longo B, Sommerfeld EP. Dual role of eugenol on chronic gastric ulcer in rats: Low-dose healing efficacy and the worsening gastric lesion in high doses. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 2021: 333.
[PMID: 33245926]
[35]
Koura RAA, Mohamed HRH, Ahmed KA, Baiomy AAA, Bahaaeldine MA, Mohamed AS. The therapeutic role of chitosan-saponin-bentonite nanocomposite on acute kidney injury induced by chromium in male wistar rats. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 2023; 13(6): 1-23.
[36]
Wu D, Zhou S, Hu S, Liu B. Inflammatory responses and histopathological changes in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus-induced bloodstream infections. J Infect Dev Ctries 2017; 11(4): 294-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7800] [PMID: 28459220]
[37]
Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol 1957; 28(1): 56-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56] [PMID: 13458125]
[38]
Belfield A, Goldberg DM. Revised assay for serum phenyl phosphatase activity using 4-amino-antipyrine. Enzyme 1971; 12(5): 561-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000459586] [PMID: 5169852]
[39]
Szasz G. A kinetic photometric method for serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Clin Chem 1969; 15(2): 124-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/15.2.124] [PMID: 5773262]
[40]
Tietz NW. Clinical guide to laboratory tests 1990.
[41]
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979; 95(2): 351-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3] [PMID: 36810]
[42]
Beutler E, Duron O, Kelly BM. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J Lab Clin Med 1963; 61: 882-8.
[PMID: 13967893]
[43]
Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 1984; 105: pp. 121-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3] [PMID: 6727660]
[44]
Nishikimi M, Appaji Rao N, Yagi K. The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 46(2): 849-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(72)80218-3] [PMID: 4400444]
[45]
Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-Transferases. J Biol Chem 1974; 249(22): 7130-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42083-8] [PMID: 4436300]
[46]
Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med 1967; 70(1): 158-69.
[PMID: 6066618]
[47]
Montgomery HAC, Dymock JF. The rapid determination of nitrate in fresh and saline waters. Analyst (Lond) 1962; 87(1034): 374-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9628700374]
[48]
loannou YA, Chen FW. Quantitation of DNA fragmentation in apoptosis. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24(5): 992-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/24.5.992] [PMID: 8600475]
[49]
Al Shawous A, Soliman A, Fahmy S, Mohamed A. Therapeutic efficacy of anodonta cygnea and crayfish procambarus clarkii hemolymph extracts on sepsis-induced acute liver injury in neonate rats. Int J Pharmacol 2023; 19(2): 185-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2023.185.196]
[50]
Refaie MMM, El-Hussieny M. The role of interleukin‐1b and its antagonist (diacerein) in estradiol benzoate‐induced endometrial hyperplasia and atypia in female rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31(4): 438-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12285] [PMID: 28299811]
[51]
Dyck B, Unterberg M, Adamzik M, Koos B. The impact of pathogens on sepsis prevalence and outcome. Pathogens 2024; 13(1): 89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13010089] [PMID: 38276162]
[52]
Marchese A, Barbieri R, Coppo E, et al. Antimicrobial activity of eugenol and essential oils containing eugenol: A mechanistic viewpoint. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43(6): 668-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2017.1295225] [PMID: 28346030]
[53]
Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, De Martino L, Coppola R, De Feo V. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6(12): 1451-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph6121451] [PMID: 24287491]
[54]
Devi KP, Sakthivel R, Nisha SA, Suganthy N, Pandian SK. Eugenol alters the integrity of cell membrane and acts against the nosocomial pathogen Proteus mirabilis. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36(3): 282-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-013-0028-3] [PMID: 23444040]
[55]
Costa EM, Silva S, Pina C, Tavaria FK, Pintado MM. Evaluation and insights into chitosan antimicrobial activity against anaerobic oral pathogens. Anaerobe 2012; 18(3): 305-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.04.009] [PMID: 22561525]
[56]
Krajewska B, Wydro P, Jańczyk A. Probing the modes of antibacterial activity of chitosan. effects of ph and molecular weight on chitosan interactions with membrane lipids in langmuir films. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12(11): 4144-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm2012295] [PMID: 21936509]
[57]
Raafat D, von Bargen K, Haas A, Sahl HG. Insights into the mode of action of chitosan as an antibacterial compound. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74(12): 3764-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00453-08] [PMID: 18456858]
[58]
Li J, Zhuang S. Antibacterial activity of chitosan and its derivatives and their interaction mechanism with bacteria: Current state and perspectives. Eur Polym J 2020; 138(July): 109984. [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109984]
[59]
Ow CPC, Trask-Marino A, Betrie AH, Evans RG, May CN, Lankadeva YR. Targeting oxidative stress in septic acute kidney injury: From theory to practice. J Clin Med 2021; 10(17): 3798.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173798] [PMID: 34501245]
[60]
Bondet V, Brand-Williams W, Berset C. Kinetics and mechanisms of antioxidant activity using the DPPH• free radical method. Lebensm Wiss Technol 1997; 30(6): 609-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1997.0240]
[61]
El Ghallab Y, Al Jahid A, Jamal Eddine J, Ait Haj Said A, Zarayby L, Derfoufi S. Syzygium aromaticum L.: phytochemical investigation and comparison of the scavenging activity of essential oil, extracts and eugenol. Advances in Traditional Medicine 2020; 20(2): 153-8. [Internet].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13596-019-00416-7]
[62]
Rui L, Xie M, Hu B, Zhou L, Saeeduddin M, Zeng X. Enhanced solubility and antioxidant activity of chlorogenic acid-chitosan conjugates due to the conjugation of chitosan with chlorogenic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 170: 206-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.076] [PMID: 28521988]
[63]
Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Aschenbrenner AC, Bauer M, et al. The pathophysiology of sepsis and precision-medicine-based immunotherapy. Nat Immunol 2024; 25(1): 19-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41590-023-01660-5] [PMID: 38168953]
[64]
Sun Y, Sun S, Chen P, et al. Maresins as novel anti-inflammatory actors and putative therapeutic targets in sepsis. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202: 107113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107113] [PMID: 38387744]
[65]
Barboza JN, da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho C, Silva RO, Medeiros JVR, de Sousa DP. An overview on the anti-inflammatory potential and antioxidant profile of eugenol. xid Med Cell Longev 2018; 22(2018): 3957262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3957262]
[66]
Nazir A. Chronic post-ICU pain: A review of the mechanism and the rehabilitation management. Anaesth Pain Intensive Care 2024; 28(1): 159-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.35975/apic.v28i1.2389]
[67]
Sadek SA, Hassanein SS, Mohamed AS, Soliman AM, Fahmy SR. Echinochrome pigment extracted from sea urchin suppress the bacterial activity, inflammation, nociception, and oxidative stress resulted in the inhibition of renal injury in septic rats. J Food Biochem 2022; 46(3): e13729.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13729] [PMID: 33871886]
[68]
Dubuisson D, Dennis SG. The formalin test: A quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. Pain 1977; 4(2) (Suppl. C): 161-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(77)90130-0] [PMID: 564014]
[69]
Chung G, Rhee JN, Jung SJ, Kim JS, Oh SB. Modulation of CaV2.3 calcium channel currents by eugenol. J Dent Res 2008; 87(2): 137-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700201] [PMID: 18218839]
[70]
Okamoto Y, Kawakami K, Miyatake K, Morimoto M, Shigemasa Y, Minami S. Analgesic effects of chitin and chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 2002; 49(3): 249-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(01)00316-2]
[71]
Schuurman AR, Sloot PMA, Wiersinga WJ, van der Poll T. Embracing complexity in sepsis. Crit Care 2023; 27(1): 102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04374-0] [PMID: 36906606]
[72]
Ge CL, Chen W, Zhang LN, Ai YH, Zou Y, Peng QY. Hippocampus‐prefrontal cortex inputs modulate spatial learning and memory in a mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation puncture. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29(1): 390-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.14013] [PMID: 36377471]
[73]
Ventura F, Greub G, Liles WC, Jacob ST. Proposed framework for conducting clinically relevant translational biomarker research for the diagnosis, prognosis and management of sepsis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14(3): 300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14030300] [PMID: 38337815]
[74]
Manandhar S, Gaddam RR, Chambers S, Bhatia M. Kupffer cell inactivation alters endothelial cell adhesion molecules in cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. Biomolecules 2024; 14(1): 84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14010084] [PMID: 38254684]
[75]
Alkharfy K, Ahmad A, Jan B, Raish M, Rehman M. Thymoquinone modulates the expression of sepsis related microRNAs in a CLP model. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23(6): 395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11322] [PMID: 35495595]
[76]
Karuppasamy V. The anti-integrity activity of eugenol on inflammatory markers of chronic atherosclerosis. Syst Rev Pharm 2022; 13(2): 177-87.
[77]
Wang ZF, Wang MY, Yu DH, et al. Therapeutic effect of chitosan on CCl4 induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18(3): 3211-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9343] [PMID: 30085342]
[78]
Bilginaylar K, Aykac A, Sayiner S, Özkayalar H, Şehirli AÖ. Evaluation of the antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties of chitosan in methotrexate-induced oral mucositis in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49(4): 3237-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07158-x] [PMID: 35064410]
[79]
Beyer D, Hoff J, Sommerfeld O, Zipprich A, Gaßler N, Press AT. The liver in sepsis: Molecular mechanism of liver failure and their potential for clinical translation. Mol Med 2022; 28(1): 84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10020-022-00510-8] [PMID: 35907792]
[80]
Kasirzadeh S, Ghahremani MH, Setayesh N, Jeivad F, Shadboorestan A, Taheri A, et al. β -Sitosterol Alters the Inflammatory Response in CLP Rat Model of Sepsis by Modulation of NF κ B Signaling. Biomed Res Int 2021.
[81]
Saleh H, Soliman AM, Mohamed AS, Marie MAS. Antioxidant effect of sepia ink extract on extrahepatic cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation in rats. Biomed Environ Sci 2015; 28(8): 582-94.
[PMID: 26383596]
[82]
Zhang J, Wang T, Fang Y, et al. Clinical significance of serum albumin/globulin ratio in patients with pyogenic liver abscess. Front Surg 2021; 8(November): 677799.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2021.677799] [PMID: 34917645]
[83]
Bion E, Brenard R, Pariente EA, et al. Sinusoidal portal hypertension in hepatic amyloidosis. Gut 1991; 32(2): 227-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.32.2.227] [PMID: 1864548]
[84]
Fathy M, Khalifa EMMA, Fawzy MA. Modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway by eugenol and telmisartan in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. Life Sci 2019; 216(216): 207-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.031] [PMID: 30452970]
[85]
Andrades M, Ritter C, de Oliveira MR, Streck EL, Fonseca Moreira JC, Dal-Pizzol F. Antioxidant treatment reverses organ failure in rat model of sepsis: role of antioxidant enzymes imbalance, neutrophil infiltration, and oxidative stress. J Surg Res 2011; 167(2): e307-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2009.08.005] [PMID: 19959187]
[86]
Joffre J, Hellman J. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in sepsis and acute inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35(15): 1291-307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2021.0027] [PMID: 33637016]
[87]
Bacanlı M, Aydın S, Taner G, et al. Does rosmarinic acid treatment have protective role against sepsis-induced oxidative damage in Wistar Albino rats? Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 35(8): 877-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115607971] [PMID: 26429925]
[88]
Kumar S, Saxena J, Srivastava VK, et al. The interplay of oxidative stress and ros scavenging: Antioxidants as a therapeutic potential in sepsis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10(10): 1575.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101575] [PMID: 36298439]
[89]
Senousy SR, Ahmed ASF, Abdelhafeez DA, Khalifa MMA, Abourehab MAS, El-Daly M. Alpha-chymotrypsin protects against acute lung, kidney, and liver injuries and increases survival in clp-induced sepsis in rats through inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16: 3023-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S370460] [PMID: 36105322]
[90]
Lee RP, Wang D, Lin NT, Chen HI. Physiological and chemical indicators for early and late stages of sepsis in conscious rats. J Biomed Sci 2002; 9(6): 613-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02254989] [PMID: 12432227]
[91]
Aydemir Celep N, Gedikli S. Protective effect of silymarin on liver in experimental in the sepsis model of rats. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2023; 56(1): 9-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1267/ahc.22-00059] [PMID: 36890848]
[92]
Slameňová D, Horváthová E, Wsólová L, Šramková M, Navarová J. Investigation of anti-oxidative, cytotoxic, DNA-damaging and DNA-protective effects of plant volatiles eugenol and borneol in human-derived HepG2, Caco-2 and VH10 cell lines. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2009; 677(1-2): 46-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.05.016] [PMID: 19501671]
[93]
Tao W, Sun W, Liu L, et al. Chitosan oligosaccharide attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high fat diet through reducing lipid accumulation, inflammation and oxidative stress in C57BL/6 mice. Mar Drugs 2019; 17(11): 645.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17110645] [PMID: 31744059]
[94]
Nagata S. Apoptotic DNA Fragmentation. Exp Cell Res 2000; 256(1): 12-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/excr.2000.4834] [PMID: 10739646]
[95]
Eray G, Ebru S. Investigation of antimicrobial effect of fluoxetine in experimental rat sepsis model: An in vivo study. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 37(1): e23240.
[96]
Bacanlı M, Aydın S, Taner G, et al. The protective role of ferulic acid on sepsis-induced oxidative damage in Wistar albino rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 38(3): 774-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.08.018] [PMID: 25305738]
[97]
Zhang LL, Zhang LF, Xu JG, Hu QP. Comparison study on antioxidant, DNA damage protective and antibacterial activities of eugenol and isoeugenol against several foodborne pathogens. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61(1): 1353356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1353356] [PMID: 28804441]
[98]
Saleh H, El-Shorbagy HM. Chitosan protects liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulating Bcl-2/Bax, TNF-α and TGF-β expression. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164: 1565-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.212] [PMID: 32735924]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
Pdf icon 17
Html icon 3
Find your institution