Login Register Cart 0
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2010
ISSN (Online): 1873-4316

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Role of Medicinal Plants in the Management of Multiple Sclerosis

Author(s): Aaryan Gupta, Arpita Roy*, Amit Roy, Vaseem Raja, Kuldeep Sharma and Rajan Verma

Volume 26, Issue 5, 2025

Published on: 10 October, 2024

Page: [665 - 679] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/0113892010324850240923181408

Price: $65

Become a Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer
Become a Editor
Become a Section Editor

Abstract

There is a rapid spread of Multiple Sclerosis disorder across the globe, around 2.8 million cases of Multiple Sclerosis in the world. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination, neuroinflammation, and a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Many drugs have been tested on MS patients but there is no effective treatment for MS till now. So to inhibit the symptoms caused by MS we performed a study in which we identified various naturally occurring materials with neuroprotective effects on the body that can treat Multiple Sclerosis. The therapeutic strategies portion of the paper reviews the array of disease-modifying therapies currently available for MS management. This paper evaluated their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles. It also addressed emerging treatment paradigms by using different naturally occurring materials, including personalized medicine approaches and novel therapies in development. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding MS, focusing on its pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies.

Keywords: Multiple sclerosis, herbal therapies, diagnostic approaches, symptomatic treatment, demyelination, inflammation.

« Previous Next »

Graphical Abstract

Graphical abstract illustrating key findings of the study

[1]
Feinstein, A. The neuropsychiatry of multiple sclerosis. Can. J. Psychiatry, 2004, 49(3), 157-163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370404900302] [PMID: 15101497]
[2]
Dobson, R.; Giovannoni, G. Multiple sclerosis – A review. Eur. J. Neurol., 2019, 26(1), 27-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.13819] [PMID: 30300457]
[3]
Goldenberg, M.M. Multiple sclerosis review. P&T, 2012, 37(3), 175-184.
[PMID: 22605909]
[4]
Ebers, G.C. Environmental factors and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol., 2008, 7(3), 268-277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70042-5] [PMID: 18275928]
[5]
Luthra, R.; Roy, A. Role of medicinal plants against neurodegenerative diseases. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2022, 23(1), 123-139.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201022666210211123539] [PMID: 33573549]
[6]
Murray, T.J. Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. BMJ, 2006, 332(7540), 525-527.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7540.525] [PMID: 16513709]
[7]
Hauser, S.L.; Cree, B.A.C. Treatment of multiple sclerosis: A review. Am. J. Med., 2020, 133(12), 1380-1390.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.049] [PMID: 32682869]
[8]
Mojaverrostami, S.; Bojnordi, M.N.; Ghasemi-Kasman, M.; Ebrahimzadeh, M.A.; Hamidabadi, H.G. A review of herbal therapy in multiple sclerosis. Adv. Pharm. Bull., 2018, 8(4), 575-590.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2018.066] [PMID: 30607330]
[9]
Olsen, S.A. A review of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by people with multiple sclerosis. Occup. Ther. Int., 2009, 16(1), 57-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.266] [PMID: 19222053]
[10]
Shamsizadeh, A.; Roohbakhsh, A.; Ayoobi, F.; Moghaddamahmadi, A. The role of natural products in the prevention and treatment of multiple sclerosis. In: Nutrition and lifestyle in neurological autoimmune diseases; Academic Press, 2017; pp. 249-260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805298-3.00025-6]
[11]
Küçükkurt, İ.; Akbel, E.; İnce, S.; Acaröz, D.A.; Demirel, H.H.; Kan, F. Potential protective effect of escin from Aesculus hippocastanum extract against cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress on rat tissues. Toxicol. Res., 2022, 11(5), 812-818.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfac059] [PMID: 36337244]
[12]
Farzaei, M.H.; Shahpiri, Z.; Bahramsoltani, R. nia, M.M.; Najafi, F.; Rahimi, R. Efficacy and tolerability of phytomedicines in multiple sclerosis patients: A review. CNS Drugs, 2017, 31(10), 867-889.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-017-0466-4] [PMID: 28948486]
[13]
Loría Gutiérrez, A.; Blanco Barrantes, J.; Porras Navarro, M.; Ortega Monge, M.C.; Cerdas Vargas, M.J.; Madrigal Redondo, G.L. General aspects about Allium sativum–a review. Ars Pharmaceutica, 2021, 1(4), 62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/ars.v62i4.20843]
[14]
Elkhawas, Y.A.; Seleem, M.; Shabayek, M.I.; Majrashi, T.A.; Al-Warhi, T.; Eldehna, W.M.; Mostafa, N.M. Phytochemical profiling and mechanistic evaluation of black garlic extract on multiple sclerosis rat model. J. Funct. Foods, 2023, 111, 105900.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105900]
[15]
Ekiert, H.; Świątkowska, J.; Knut, E.; Klin, P.; Rzepiela, A.; Tomczyk, M.; Szopa, A. Artemisia dracunculus (Tarragon): A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Front. Pharmacol., 2021, 12, 653993.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.653993] [PMID: 33927629]
[16]
Dhiman, A.; Goyal, J.; Sharma, K.; Nanda, A.; Dhiman, S. A review on medicinal prospectives of Andrographis paniculata Nees. J Pharm Sci Innov., 2012, 1(1)
[17]
Safari, H.; Anani Sarab, G.; Naseri, M. Artemisia dracunculus L. modulates the immune system in a multiple sclerosis mouse model. Nutr. Neurosci., 2021, 24(11), 843-849.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2019.1681742] [PMID: 31665978]
[18]
Song, J.Y.; Meng, L.Q.; Li, X.M. Therapeutic application and prospect of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis in treating renal microvascular lesions. Chin. J. Integr. Trad. West. Med., 2008, 28(9), 859-861.
[19]
Bertoglio, J.C.; Baumgartner, M.; Palma, R.; Ciampi, E.; Carcamo, C.; Cáceres, D.D.; Acosta-Jamett, G.; Hancke, J.L.; Burgos, R.A. Andrographis paniculata decreases fatigue in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A 12-month double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. BMC Neurol., 2016, 16(1), 77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12883-016-0595-2] [PMID: 27215274]
[20]
Banerjee, S.; Anand, U.; Ghosh, S.; Ray, D.; Ray, P.; Nandy, S.; Deshmukh, G.D.; Tripathi, V.; Dey, A. Bacosides fromBACOPA MONNIERI extract: An overview of the effects on neurological disorders. Phytother. Res., 2021, 35(10), 5668-5679.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7203] [PMID: 34254371]
[21]
Gupta, A.; Roy, A.; Raja, V.; Rustagi, S.; Malik, S.; Verma, D. In-silico studies of phytoconstituents of bacopa monnieri and centella asiatica with crystal structure of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein against primary demyelination in multiple sclerosis. J Integr Sci Technol., 2024, 12(3), 764.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.62110/sciencein.jist.2024.v12.764]
[22]
(a) Imenshahidi, M.; Hosseinzadeh, H. Berberis vulgaris and berberine: An update review. Phytother. Res., 2016, 30(11), 1745-1764.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5693] [PMID: 27528198];
(b) Cheng, Z.; Kang, C.; Che, S.; Su, J.; Sun, Q.; Ge, T.; Guo, Y.; Lv, J.; Sun, Z.; Yang, W.; Li, B.; Li, X.; Cui, R. Berberine: A promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 2022, 13, 845591.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.845591]
[23]
Fragoso, Y.D.; Carra, A.; Macias, M.A. Cannabis and multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2020, 20(8), 849-854.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1776610] [PMID: 32515670]
[24]
Roy, A.; Gupta, A.; Verma, D. Evaluation of different phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa against Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein receptor. Vegetos, 2023.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42535-023-00753-8]
[25]
Kandikattu, H.K.; Amruta, N.; Khanum, F.; Narayana, V.V.P.C.; Srinivasulu, D. Phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, and therapeutic applications of celastrus paniculatus. Curr. Tradit. Med., 2021, 7(1), 107-124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083806666200218111155]
[26]
Gray, N.E.; Alcazar Magana, A.; Lak, P.; Wright, K.M.; Quinn, J.; Stevens, J.F.; Maier, C.S.; Soumyanath, A. Centella asiatica: Phytochemistry and mechanisms of neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Phytochem. Rev., 2018, 17(1), 161-194.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-017-9528-y] [PMID: 31736679]
[27]
Asadi, Z.; Ghazanfari, T.; Hatami, H. Anti-inflammatory effects of Matricaria chamomilla extracts on BALB/c mice macrophages and lymphocytes. Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2020, 19(S1), 63-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v19i(s1.r1).2862] [PMID: 32534512]
[28]
Grammatikopoulou, M.G.; Tsiogkas, S.G.; Gkiouras, K.; Gioxari, A.; Daskalou, E.; Maraki, M.I.; Dardiotis, E.; Bogdanos, D.P. Supplementation with Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) against placebo in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and synthesis without meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dietetics, 2022, 1(3), 227-241.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dietetics1030020]
[29]
Rehman, S.; Ray, A. Neuroprotective medicinal plants: Focus on curcuma longa. EC Pharmacology and Toxicology., 2020, 8, 16-30.
[30]
Zarshenas, M.M.; Ansari, R.; Dadbakhsh, A.; Mohammadi, M. A review of herbal remedies for multiple sclerosis-like disorders in traditional persian medicine (TPM). Curr. Drug Metab., 2018, 19(5), 392-407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200219666180305152057] [PMID: 29512456]
[31]
Ajuwon, O.R.; Marnewick, J.L. Improved modulation of the endogenous antioxidant system and inflammatory responses in male wistar rats by rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and red palm oil (Elaeis guineensis); Doctoral dissertation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.
[32]
Sun, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Cheng, L.; Zhang, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, R.; Weng, P.; Wu, Z. Polysaccharides confer benefits in immune regulation and multiple sclerosis by interacting with gut microbiota. Food Res. Int., 2021, 149, 110675.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110675] [PMID: 34600677]
[33]
Gupta, A.; Roy, A.; Pandit, S.; Pandey, N.; Rustagi, S. Evaluation of bioactive compounds obtained from ginkgo biloba against crystal structure of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). OBM Neurobiol., 2023, 7(4), 1-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304186]
[34]
Bayram, C.; Hacimuftuoglu, A. Investigation of antioxidant efficacy of glycyrrhiza glabra l. extract in glutamate toxicity-induced primary neuron culture. Anatolian Journal of Biology., 2022, 3(1), 18-24.
[35]
Ahmad, I.; Dhar, D.; Rao, J.S.; Swaroop, A.; Ahmad, T.; Bagchi, D. Development of a Synergistic Combination of Huperzia serrata, Convolvulus pluricaulis, and Celastrus paniculatus for Optimal Brain Health and Functions. InAntioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders; CRC Press, 2021, pp. 329-353.
[36]
Afsharzadeh, N.; Lavi Arab, F.; Sankian, M.; Samiei, L.; Tabasi, N.S.; Afsharzadeh, D.; Nikkhah, K.; Mahmoudi, M. Comparative assessment of proliferation and immunomodulatory potential of Hypericum perforatum plant and callus extracts on mesenchymal stem cells derived adipose tissue from multiple sclerosis patients. Inflammopharmacology, 2021, 29(5), 1399-1412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10787-021-00838-3] [PMID: 34510276]
[37]
Zha, Z.; Liu, S.; Liu, Y.; Li, C.; Wang, L. Potential utility of natural products against oxidative stress in animal models of multiple sclerosis. Antioxidants, 2022, 11(8), 1495.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081495] [PMID: 36009214]
[38]
Schmitz, K.; Barthelmes, J.; Stolz, L.; Beyer, S.; Diehl, O.; Tegeder, I. “Disease modifying nutricals” for multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol. Ther., 2015, 148, 85-113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.015] [PMID: 25435020]
[39]
Rabiei, Z. Phytotherapy as a complementary medicine for multiple sclerosis. Turk. J. Pharm. Sci., 2019, 16(2), 246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.90522]
[40]
Mahboubi, M.; Taghizadeh, M.; Talaei, S.A.; Takht Firozeh, S.M.; Rashidi, A.A.; Tamtaji, O.R. Combined administration of Melissa officinalis and Boswellia serrata extracts in an animal model of memory. Iran. J. Psychiatry. Behav. Sci., 2016, 10(3), e681.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-681] [PMID: 27822272]
[41]
Kim, I.T.; Park, H.J.; Nam, J.H.; Park, Y.M.; Won, J.H.; Choi, J.; Choe, B.K.; Lee, K.T. In-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of the methanol extract of the roots of Morinda officinalis. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2010, 57(5), 607-615.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/0022357055902] [PMID: 15901350]
[42]
Alam, M.Z. A review on Plant based remedies for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. In: InAnnales Pharmaceutiques Françaises; Elsevier Masson, 2023.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2023.03.005]
[43]
Chen, H.; Ma, X.; Si, L.; Chen, Z.; Lin, X.; Yang, Y.; Chen, X. Traditional Chinese Medicine in multiple sclerosis: Theory and practice. Curr. Pharmacol. Rep., 2018, 4(6), 436-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40495-018-0158-x]
[44]
Bayat, P.; Farshchi, M.; Yousefian, M.; Mahmoudi, M.; Yazdian-Robati, R. Flavonoids, the compounds with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, as promising tools in multiple sclerosis (MS) therapy: A systematic review of preclinical evidence. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2021, 95, 107562.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107562] [PMID: 33770729]
[45]
Abdelhalim, A.; Hanrahan, J. Biologically active compounds from Lamiaceae family: Central nervous system effects. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 2021, 68, 255-315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819485-0.00017-7]
[46]
Prakash, R.S.; Snook, E.M.; Motl, R.W.; Kramer, A.F. Aerobic fitness is associated with gray matter volume and white matter integrity in multiple sclerosis. Brain Res., 2010, 1341, 41-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.063] [PMID: 19560443]
[47]
Cock, I.E.; Cheesman, M.J. The early stages of multiple sclerosis: New targets for the development of combinational drug therapies. In: Engineering and clinical perspectives of multiple sclerosis; Neurological Disorders and Imaging PhysicsIOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2019; 2, pp. 2-1.
[48]
Antioch, I.; Ciobica, A.; Compaore, M.; Hilou, A.; Kiendrebeogo, M.; Foyet, H.; Guenné, S. Phytotherapeutical implications in pain perception - Focusing on schizophrenia. Int. J. Phytomed., 2017, 9(2), 167-180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5138/09750185.1891]
[49]
Yong, J. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, brain insulin resistance, and an accumulation in dementia caused by diabetes. J. Mult. Scler., 2002, 9(06), 001-002.
[50]
Cha, D.S.; Jeon, H. Anti-inflammatory effect of MeOH extracts of the stem of Polygonum multiflorum in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Nat. Prod. Sci., 2009, 15(2), 83-89.
[51]
Moyer, J.H.; Beazley, H.L.; McConn, R.; Hughes, W.; Ford, R.; Dennis, E. Clinical results with the use of Roxinil (an extract of Rauwolfia serpentina) in the treatment of hypertension. Am. Heart J., 1955, 49(5), 751-757.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(55)90220-9] [PMID: 14376328]
[52]
Pu, W.; Zhang, M.; Bai, R.; Sun, L.; Li, W.; Yu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Song, L.; Wang, Z.; Peng, Y.; Shi, H.; Zhou, K.; Li, T. Anti-inflammatory effects of Rhodiola rosea L.: A review. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2020, 121, 109552.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109552] [PMID: 31715370]
[53]
Ramachandran, C.; Quirin, K.W.; Escalon, E.; Melnick, S.J. Improved neuroprotective effects by combining Bacopa monnieri and Rosmarinus officinalis supercritical CO2 extracts. J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med., 2014, 19(2), 119-127.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587214524577] [PMID: 24647092]
[54]
Singh, L.; Yasmin, S.; Sharma, R. Current approaches for the management of multiple sclerosis – A review. J. Pharm. Res. Int., 2021, 33(52B), 222-228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i52B33620]
[55]
Łedo, A. Quaternary benzo [c] phenanthridine alkaloids as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV-like activity bearing enzymes in human blood plasma and glioma cell lines. Physiol. Res., 2003, 52, 367-372.
[PMID: 12790770]
[56]
Sowndhararajan, K.; Deepa, P.; Kim, M.; Park, S.J.; Kim, S. An overview of neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement properties of lignans from Schisandra chinensis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2018, 97, 958-968.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.145] [PMID: 29136774]
[57]
Faraji, F.; Hashemi, M.; Ghiasabadi, A.; Davoudian, S.; Talaie, A.; Ganji, A.; Mosayebi, G. Combination therapy with interferon beta-1a and sesame oil in multiple sclerosis. Complement. Ther. Med., 2019, 45, 275-279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.04.010] [PMID: 31331574]
[58]
Bahrami, M.; Mosayebi, G.; Ghazavi, A.; Ganji, A. Immunomodulation in multiple sclerosis by phytotherapy. Curr. Immunol. Rev., 2020, 16(1), 28-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573395516999200930122850]
[59]
Dal Monte, M.; Cammalleri, M.; Locri, F.; Amato, R.; Marsili, S.; Rusciano, D.; Bagnoli, P. Fatty acids dietary supplements exert anti-inflammatory action and limit ganglion cell degeneration in the retina of the EAE mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Nutrients, 2018, 10(3), 325.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10030325] [PMID: 29517994]
[60]
Sundriyal, A.; Mukhija, M. Phytoconstituents responsible for anti-inflammatory activity. J Nat Pharm., 2013, 4(1), 1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5119.110340]
[61]
Glickman-Simon, R.; Mukherji, A. Moxibustion for asthma, acupuncture for epilepsy, psychological therapies for irritable bowel syndrome, exercise training for multiple sclerosis, and comfrey root for acute back pain. Explore (NY), 2015, 11(1), 67-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2014.10.010] [PMID: 25435497]
[62]
Rahimi, V.B.; Askari, V.R.; Shirazinia, R.; Soheili-Far, S.; Askari, N.; Rahmanian-Devin, P.; Sanei-Far, Z.; Mousavi, S.H.; Ghodsi, R. Protective effects of hydro-ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula on primary microglia cells and their polarization (M1/M2 balance). Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord., 2018, 25, 5-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2018.07.015] [PMID: 30014878]
[63]
Kamal, F.Z.; Lefter, R.; Mihai, C.T.; Farah, H.; Ciobica, A.; Ali, A.; Radu, I.; Mavroudis, I.; Ech-Chahad, A. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Taraxacum officinale essential oil. Molecules, 2022, 27(19), 6477.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196477] [PMID: 36235013]
[64]
Fintelmann, V. Intuitive Medizin; Hippokrates: Stuttgart, 1995.
[65]
Trovato, A.; Pennisi, M.; Crupi, R.; Di Paola, R.; Alario, A.; Modafferi, S.; Di Rosa, G.; Fernandes, T.; Signorile, A.; Maiolino, L.; Cuzzocrea, S. Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: modulation by coriolus versicolor (Yun-Zhi) nutritional mushroom. J. Neurol. Neuromedicine, 2017, 2(1)
[66]
Soldan, S.S.; Retuerto, A.I.A.; Sicotte, N.L.; Voskuhl, R.R. Immune modulation in multiple sclerosis patients treated with the pregnancy hormone estriol. J. Immunol., 2003, 171(11), 6267-6274.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6267] [PMID: 14634144]
[67]
Li, J.; Hao, J. Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with bioactive components of Tripterygium wilfordii. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2019, 47(4), 769-785.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X1950040X] [PMID: 31091976]
[68]
Pilarski, R.; Zieliński, H.; Ciesiołka, D.; Gulewicz, K. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2006, 104(1-2), 18-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.046] [PMID: 16202551]
[69]
Gallien, P.; Amarenco, G.; Benoit, N.; Bonniaud, V.; Donzé, C.; Kerdraon, J.; de Seze, M.; Denys, P.; Renault, A.; Naudet, F.; Reymann, J.M. Cranberry versus placebo in the prevention of urinary infections in multiple sclerosis: A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Mult. Scler., 2014, 20(9), 1252-1259.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458513517592] [PMID: 24402038]
[70]
Laplaud, P.M.; Lelubre, A.; Chapman, M.J. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low density lipoproteins in vitro: Initial observations. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 1997, 11(1), 35-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.1997.tb00166.x] [PMID: 9182074]
[71]
Williamson, E. Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines. Phytomedicine, 2001, 8(5), 401-409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00060] [PMID: 11695885]
[72]
Janakat, S.; Al-Thnaibat, O. Antilipoperoxidative effect of three edible plants extracts: Viscum album, Arum dioscoridis and Eminium spiculatum. J. Food Qual., 2008, 31(1), 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.2007.00180.x]
[73]
Maker-Clark, G.; Patel, S. Integrative therapies for multiple sclerosis. Dis. Mon., 2013, 59(8), 290-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2013.03.017] [PMID: 23876486]
[74]
Kataria, H.; Wadhwa, R.; Kaul, S.C.; Kaur, G. Water extract from the leaves of Withania somnifera protect RA differentiated C6 and IMR-32 cells against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. PLoS One, 2012, 7(5), e37080.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037080] [PMID: 22606332]
[75]
Arcusa, R.; Villaño, D.; Marhuenda, J.; Cano, M.; Cerdà, B.; Zafrilla, P. Potential role of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Front. Nutr., 2022, 9, 809621.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.809621] [PMID: 35369082]
[76]
Tovar, R.T.; Petzel, R.M. Herbal toxicity. Dis. Mon., 2009, 55(10), 592-641.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.05.001] [PMID: 19782820]
[77]
Bateman, J.; Chapman, R.D.; Simpson, D. Possible toxicity of herbal remedies. Scott. Med. J., 1998, 43(1), 7-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309804300104] [PMID: 9533252]
[78]
Saxe, T.G. Toxicity of medicinal herbal preparations. Am. Fam. Physician, 1987, 35(5), 135-142.
[PMID: 3577986]
[79]
Nasri, H.; Shirzad, H. Toxicity and safety of medicinal plants. J HerbMed Plarmacol., 2013, 2(2), 21-22.
[80]
Rahman, M.H.; Bajgai, J.; Fadriquela, A.; Sharma, S.; Trinh, T.T.; Akter, R.; Jeong, Y.J.; Goh, S.H.; Kim, C.S.; Lee, K.J. Therapeutic potential of natural products in treating neurodegenerative disorders and their future prospects and challenges. Molecules, 2021, 26(17), 5327.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175327] [PMID: 34500759]
[81]
Di Paolo, M.; Papi, L.; Gori, F.; Turillazzi, E. Natural products in neurodegenerative diseases: A great promise but an ethical challenge. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019, 20(20), 5170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205170] [PMID: 31635296]
[82]
Shirani, A.; Okuda, D.T.; Stüve, O. Therapeutic advances and future prospects in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics, 2016, 13(1), 58-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0409-z] [PMID: 26729332]
[83]
Shamaa, A.; Abdallah, A.; Bahr, M.; Tookhy, O. A review: Multiple sclerosis treatment: Current strategies and future hopes. Alex. J. Vet. Sci., 2020, 66(2), 30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.125962]
[84]
Sapko, K.; Jamroz-Wiśniewska, A.; Rejdak, K. Novel drugs in a pipeline for progressive multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Med., 2022, 11(12), 3342.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123342] [PMID: 35743410]
[85]
Shah, Z.; Wasay, M.; Chaudhry, B.Z.; Fredrikson, S. Multiple sclerosis in Pakistan: Current status and future perspective. J. Neurol. Sci., 2020, 418, 117066.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.117066] [PMID: 32823132]
[86]
Allanach, J.R.; Farrell, J.W., III; Mésidor, M.; Karimi-Abdolrezaee, S. Current status of neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategies in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Mult. Scler., 2022, 28(1), 29-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13524585211008760] [PMID: 33870797]
[87]
Misiak, B.; Samochowiec, J.; Kowalski, K.; Gaebel, W.; Bassetti, C.L.A.; Chan, A.; Gorwood, P.; Papiol, S.; Dom, G.; Volpe, U.; Szulc, A.; Kurimay, T.; Kärkkäinen, H.; Decraene, A.; Wisse, J.; Fiorillo, A.; Falkai, P. The future of diagnosis in clinical neurosciences: Comparing multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia. Eur. Psychiatry, 2023, 66(1), e58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2432] [PMID: 37476977]
[88]
Zahoor, I.; Giri, S. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators: Emerging therapeutic candidates for multiple sclerosis. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 2021, 60(2), 147-163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016-020-08796-4] [PMID: 32495237]
[89]
Park, S.J.; Choi, J.W. Brain energy metabolism and multiple sclerosis: Progress and prospects. Arch. Pharm. Res., 2020, 43(10), 1017-1030.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-020-01278-3] [PMID: 33119885]
[90]
Celius, E.G.; Thompson, H.; Pontaga, M.; Langdon, D.; Laroni, A.; Potra, S.; Bharadia, T.; Yeandle, D.; Shanahan, J.; van Galen, P.; Alexandri, N.; Kesselring, J. Disease progression in multiple sclerosis: A literature review exploring patient perspectives. Patient Prefer. Adherence, 2021, 15, 15-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S268829] [PMID: 33447018]
[91]
Papiri, G.; D’Andreamatteo, G.; Cacchiò, G.; Alia, S.; Silvestrini, M.; Paci, C.; Luzzi, S.; Vignini, A. Multiple sclerosis: Inflammatory and neuroglial aspects. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 2023, 45(2), 1443-1470.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb45020094] [PMID: 36826039]
[92]
Wei, W.; Ma, D.; Li, L.; Zhang, L. Progress in the application of drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Front. Pharmacol., 2021, 12, 724718.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.724718] [PMID: 34326775]
[93]
Lubetzki, C.; Zalc, B.; Williams, A.; Stadelmann, C.; Stankoff, B. Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: From basic science to clinical translation. Lancet Neurol., 2020, 19(8), 678-688.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30140-X] [PMID: 32702337]
[94]
Cunniffe, N.; Coles, A. Promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol., 2021, 268(1), 30-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09421-x] [PMID: 31190170]
[95]
Zahoor, I.; Rui, B.; Khan, J.; Datta, I.; Giri, S. An emerging potential of metabolomics in multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive overview. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2021, 78(7), 3181-3203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03733-2] [PMID: 33449145]
[96]
Gupta, A.; Roy, A.; Kaur, K.; Rustagi, S.; Malik, S.; Pandit, S. Scope of nanomaterials in treating neurological disorders. OBM Neurobiol., 2024, 8(1), 1-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2401208]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
Pdf icon 29
Html icon 2
Find your institution