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Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology

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ISSN (Print): 2211-7385
ISSN (Online): 2211-7393

Research Article

Potential of Plant-derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles from Physalis peruviana Fruit for Human Dermal Fibroblast Regeneration and Remodeling

Author(s): Filia Natania, Iriawati Iriawati, Fitria Dwi Ayuningtyas and Anggraini Barlian*

Volume 13, Issue 2, 2025

Published on: 11 January, 2024

Page: [358 - 371] Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/0122117385281838240105110106

Price: $65

Abstract

Aims: This research aimed to study the potential of PDEN from P. peruviana fruits (PENC) for regenerating and remodeling HDF.

Background: Large wounds are dangerous and require prompt and effective healing. Various efforts have been undertaken, but have been somewhat ineffective. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDEN) are easily sampled, relatively cost-effective, exhibit high yields, and are nonimmunogenic. Objectives: The objective of the study was to isolate and characterize PDEN from Physalis peruviana (PENC), and determine PENC’s internalization and toxicity on HDF cells, PENC's ability to regenerate HDF (proliferation and migration), and PENC ability’s to remodel HDF (collagen I and MMP-1 production).

Methods: PENC was isolated using gradual filtration and centrifugation, followed by sedimentation using PEG6000. Characterization was done using a particle size analyzer, zeta potential analyzer, TEM, and BCA assay. Internalization was done using PKH67 staining. Toxicity and proliferation assays were conducted using MTT assay; meanwhile, migration assay was carried out by employing the scratch assay. Collagen I production was performed using immunocytochemistry and MMP-1 production was conducted using ELISA.

Results: MTT assay showed a PENC concentration of 2.5 until 500 μg/mL and being non-toxic to cells. PENC has been found to induce cell proliferation in 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. PENC at a concentration of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μg/mL, also accelerated HDF migration using the scratch assay in two days. In remodeling, PENC upregulated collagen-1 expression from day 7 to 14 compared to control. MMP-1 declined from day 2 to 7 in every PENC concentration and increased on day 14. Overall, PENC at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μg/mL induced HDF proliferation and migration, upregulated collagen I production, and decreased MMP-1 levels.

Conclusion: Isolated PENC was 190-220 nm in size, circular, covered with membrane, and its zeta potential was -6.7 mV; it could also be stored at 4°C for up to 2 weeks in aqua bidest. Protein concentration ranged between 170-1,395 μg/mL. Using PKH67, PENC could enter HDF within 6 hours. PENC was non-toxic up to a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Using MTT and scratch assay, PENC was found to elevate HDF proliferation and migration, and reorganize actin. Using immunocytochemistry, collagen I was upregulated by PENC, whereas MMP-1 concentration was reduced.

Keywords: PENC, Physalis peruviana, fibroblast, regeneration, remodeling, human dermal fibroblast.

Graphical Abstract
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